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TOC Outline

1. Cover
2. Title page
3. Copyright
4. Dedication
5. Table of Contents
6. Phonetic Notation
7. IPA Vowel and Consonant Symbols, Descriptions and Key Words
8. Acronyms
9. List of Figures
10. PART III. A HISTORICAL PHONOLOGY OF COLONIAL NEW ENGLAND ENGLISH
11. 16. High Front Vowels: ME /iː/, /i/
12. 17. Mid Front Vowels: ME /ẹː/, ME /ɛː/
13. 18. Low-Mid Front Vowels: ME /ɛː/, ME /ɛ/
14. 19. Low Front Vowel: /æ/ (< ME /a/)
15. 20. High Back Vowels: ME /uː/, ME /u/
16. 21. High-Mid and Low-Mid Back Vowels: ME /ọː/, ME /ɔː/, ME /ɔ/
17. 22. New England Short u and Short o
18. 23. Diphthongs and Consonants
19. 24. General Overview and Conclusions to Part III
    1. Introduction
    2. 1. Identifying the New England Feature Pool
       1. 1.1 Reflexes of ME Cardinal Vowels
       2. 1.2 Some Final Conclusions Regarding New EnglandShort u and Short o
       3. 1.3 Franklin’s Boston Vowel Inventory
    3. 2. Franklin’s Consonant Inventory
    4. Conclusion to Part III
20. PART IV. FRANKLIN’S REFORMED MODE OF SPELLING (1768/1779), “ENGLISH” OR “AMERICAN”?
21. 25. The Reformed Mode of Spelling: Presentation and Analysis
22. 26. The RMS Vocalic System
23. 27. Diphthongs and Consonants
24. 28. Features of Franklin’s Boston Accent in the RMS and an Overview of Part IV
25. PART V.
26. FRANKLIN’S LINGUISTIC LEGACY
27. 29. Franklin’s Influence on Sir William Jones and Noah Webster
28. 30. Franklin and Webster, the Fathers of American Orthography
29. Synopsis and General Conclusions
30. References
31. Appendix 1: Franklin’s Reformed Mode of Spelling
32. Appendix 2:Benjamin Franklin and Polly Stevenson’s RMS Correspondence
33. Appendix 3: A Glossary of Franklin and Stevenson’s RMS Transcriptions
34. Appendix 4: Epistolary Exchanges between Benjamin Franklin and Noah Webster (1786-1789)
35. Glossary of Linguistic and Sociolinguistic Terminology
36. Index
37. About the Team
38. This book need not end here…
39. You may also be interested in:
40. Back cover

Headings Outline

• Benjamin Franklin, Orthoepist and Phonetician
• Volume 2
• Benjamin Franklin, Orthoepist and Phonetician
  • Vol. 2
  • Colonial American Voices and London Norms: Franklin’s Quest for an Orthographic Reform
    • Gary D. German
• Table of Contents
• Phonetic Notation
• IPA Vowel and Consonant Symbols, Descriptions and Key Words
• Acronyms
• List of Figures
• PART III.
• A HISTORICAL PHONOLOGY OF COLONIAL NEW ENGLAND ENGLISH
• “Probing under the Iceberg”
• Introduction to Part III
• 16. High Front Vowels: ME /iː/, /i/
  • 1. High-Front Vowels: Reflexes of ME /iː/ and /i/
    • 1.1 ME /iː/ (Precursor of Price Words, RP/GA /aɪ/)
      • 1.1.1 [ɛi] > [æi] > [ai]
      • 1.1.2 [ɛi] > [æi] > [ai] versus > [əi]?
      • 1.1.3 Centralization to [əi] and [ɤ̞i]
      • 1.1.3 The Phonetic Range of New England Price Words
    • 1.2 ME /iː/ > [ai] > [aː ~ ɑː]
    • 1.3 ME /i/ > [ɪ ~ i(‧) ~ iː] (the Ancestor of Kit Words)
      • 1.3.1 ME i + [iç], [ɪtʃ], [ʌtʃ]
      • 1.3.2 ME i +
  • 2. New England /i/ [ɪ ~ i(‧) ~ iː]
    • 2.1 ME /i/ > / əi/: Miscellaneous Examples
    • 2.2 ME /i/ > [ẹ ~ e̞ ~ ɛ]
    • 2.3 Lowering of ME /i/ + [ɹ] > [ɛɹ] > [æɹ]
    • 2.4 ME /ir/ > /ʌr ~ ər/
• 17. Mid Front Vowels: ME /ẹː/, ME /ɛː/
  • Introduction
  • 1. Mid Front Vowels: Some Principles and Obstacles
    • 1.1 The Qualitative Values of /ɛ/ vs /e/
    • 1.2 Tracing Phonemic Boundaries: An Exact Science?
    • 1.3 Sociolinguistic Considerations
  • 2. ME /ẹː/ > /iː/ (the Precursor of Fleece Words, RP/GA /iː/)
    • 2.1 ME /ẹː/ Realized as /ẹː ~ e̞ː/ or /iː/
    • 2.2 Examples of Conservatism: Fleece Words Pronounced [ẹː ~ e̞ː]?
    • 2.3 The Case of Been and Green
    • 2.4 ~ ~ ~ ~
    • 2.4 The Variable Realizations of and Spellings
  • 3. Low-Mid Front Vowels
    • 3.1 ME /ɛː/ > [e̞ː] > [ẹː] > [iː]
    • 3.2 ME , and > /iːr/
    • 3.3 More Evidence of Franklin’s Conservative Realization of ME /ɛː/
      • 3.3.1 The Franklins and the New England Poets
      • 3.3.2 Unstable Vowel Length and Quality of ME /ɛː/, Orthoepists’ Testimonies
• 18. Low-Mid Front Vowels: ME /ɛː/, ME /ɛ/
  • Introduction
  • 1. ME /ɛː/, ME /aː/ > [ɛː ~ e̞] and ME /ai/ > [æi ~ ɛi ~ ɛː]
    • 1.1 The New England Poets
    • 1.2 Face ~ Meat Rhymes
    • 1.3 Face and Meat Rhymes in Franklin’s Poor Richard’s Almanack
    • 1.4 Contemporary English Examples
  • 2. Inherent Instability: [ɛː] > [ɛ] / [ɛ] > [ɛː]
    • 2.1 ME /er/
    • 2.2 A Summary of the Evidence
  • 3. ME /ɛ/ > /ɪ/: The “Pin-Pen” Merger
    • 3.1 The New England Poets
  • 4. Lowering of ME [ɛ(ː)] > [æ(ː)]
    • 4.1 ME /ɛr/ > [ɛɹ ~ æɹ]
    • 4.2 /ɛɹ ~ æɹ/ > [əɹ]: The Drift towards Centralization
  • Centralization
  • Conclusion
• 19. Low Front Vowel: /æ/ (< ME /a/)
  • Raising of ME /aː/ > [ɛː] > [e̞ː]
  • Raising of ME /a/ > /æ/
    • 2.1 ME /a/ > [æ(ː)] > [ɛ(ː)] > [e̞ː]
  • 3. Conditioned Changes: ME /aː/ and ME /a/
    • 3.1 Sequence 1: ME /a/ + , , ,
    • 3.2 Sequence 2: ME /a/ + [f], [ft], , , , ,
    • [θ,ð], [ʒ]
    • 3.3 Sequence 3: a + nasal + C
    • 3.4 Sequence 4: ME /a(ː)r/
    • 3.5 Sequence 5: ME /w-/, /hw-/, /kw-/ + /a(ː)/
      • 3.5.1 Benjamin Franklin Sr.
      • 3.5.2 New England Poets
      • 3.5.3 and Rhymes
      • 3.5.4 , , Spellings: /ær/ or /ɛr/?
      • 3.5.5 Problem Cases
      • 3.5.6 Signs of Lowering
  • Conclusion
• 20. High Back Vowels: ME /uː/, ME /u/
  • Introduction
  • 1. High Back Vowels (ME /uː/ and ME /u/)
    • 1.1 Some Models for Language Change, ME /uː/ > /aʊ/
    • 1.2 Synchronic versus Diachronic Analyses
    • 1.3 What Is the Source of [æu] and [ɛu]?
    • 1.2 ME /u(ː)r/
  • 2. New England Evidence
    • 2.1 The New England Poets = [ɒ(ː)əɹ] ~ [ɔ(ː)əɹ]
    • 2.2 ME /u/, “u obscurum”
  • 3. 17th-Century New England and Modern Norfolk Evidence: ME /u/ > [ʊ ~ ɤ ~ ʌ]
    • 3.1 Evidence from the New England Town Records
    • 3.2 Summary
  • 4. Various Treatments of ME /u/
    • 4.1 The Lengthening of ME Short /u/ to /uː/ before /ʃ/
    • 4.2 ME Short /u/ [u ~ ʊ] > [ɪ ~ ɛ]
    • 4.3 ME /ur/ > [ɛɹ], [ɒɹ] or [əɹ]
  • 5. The New England Poets: , and [ɒɹ ~ əɹ]
    • 5.1 New England Examples of Centralization to [əɹ] ( Words)
• 21. High-Mid and Low-Mid Back Vowels: ME /ọː/, ME /ɔː/, ME /ɔ/
  • Introduction
  • Low-Mid and Low-Back Vowels: Principles and Obstacles
    • 1.1 Vowel Length in RP and GA
    • 1.2 Strong and Weak Postvocalic Consonants
  • 2. ME High-Mid /oː/ [ọː] > [uː]9
  • 2.1 Grandgent’s Interpretations of New England Words
  • 3. ME o /ɔː/ > [uː]
    • 3.1 Coexistence of Dialectal Variables: Some Examples with “do”
  • 4. ME /ɔ/ > [ɔ(ː)] > [ɒ(ː)] > [ɑ(ː)]
  • 5. Lot and Taught Words
    • 5.1 Grandgent’s Evidence
    • 5.2 ME /ɔ/ > [ɪ]
    • 5.3 ME /ɔ + r/ and ME /a + r/
    • 5.4 New England Poets
    • 5.5 ME /ɔr/ ~ ME /ar/
  • Conclusion
• 22. New England Short u and Short o
  • Introduction
  • 1. Krapp and Grandgent’s Testimonies
    • 1.1 New England Short , , ,
  • 2. Recent American and English Accounts of Short o
    • 2.1 Walter Avis
    • 2.2 East Anglia and New England Short o
    • 2.3 Modern Evidence from the Survey of English Dialects (Orton & Tilling, 1970)
  • 3. The New England Poets and the Town Records
    • 3.1 Lot and Strut-Foot Rhymes: A New England English Conundrum
    • 3.2 Evidence from the 17th-Century Massachusetts Town Records
    • 3.3 Lot-Strut Rhymes
    • 3.4 Lot-Goat Rhymes
    • 3.5 ME /ɔɹ/ > /u(ː)ɹ ~ ọ(ː)ɹ/
  • 4. Focused Examples
    • 4.1 , , , : [ɤ̝m]
    • 4.2 <-one>, <-un>, <-on>, <-own>, <-oan>: [ɤ̝n]
    • 4.2.1 Rhymes with <-own> Words
    • 4.3 , , : [ɤ̝ŋ]
    • 4.4 + : [ɤ̝v]
  • Conclusion
• 23. Diphthongs and Consonants
  • Introduction
  • 1. Diphthongs
    • 1.1 ME /ai/ > [æi] > [ɛi] > [ɛː] > [e̞ ~ ẹ]1
    • 1.2.1 The New England Poets
    • 1.2.2 ~
    • 1.3 ME oi and ME ui
    • 1.3.1 New England Poets
    • 1.4 ME ẹu and ɪu (Blue, Dew, Nephew, Tuesday…)
    • 1.5 ME /au/
      • 1.5.1 ME /a/ + /x/ and ME o /ɒ/ + /x/
      • 1.5.2 Diphthongal Realizations in Contemporary English
    • 1.6 ME ou
  • 2. Elements of the Consonantal System
    • 2.1 Initial Consonant Clusters
      • 2.1.1 ME /kn-/
      • 2.1.2 Intervocalic /-t-/ > [ɾ ~ t̬]:
    • 2.2 [θ-] > [t- ~ d-], [ð-] > [d-]
    • 2.3 Voiceless Velar Fricative /x/9
    • 2.4 Bilabial Approximant /w/
      • 2.4.1 + Back Vowels
      • 2.4.2 [w] + [ɹ]
    • 2.5 Palatalization
      • 2.5.1 Lack of Palatalization
    • 2.6 Rhoticity
      • 2.6.1 Contemporary English and American Evidence
      • 2.6.2 <-ow> as [əɹ]
    • 2.7 H-Loss
    • 2.8 Bilabial Approximants: w [w]
    • 2.9 Weakening of Final Clusters: , , , ,
    • 2.10 Final <-ing> [iŋ] as in’ [ɪn]
    • 2.11 -C+V+C > CC̩ in Final Unstressed Syllables
  • Conclusion
• 24. General Overview and Conclusions to Part III
  • Introduction
  • 1. Identifying the New England Feature Pool
    • 1.1 Reflexes of ME Cardinal Vowels
      • 1.1.1 Price Vowels (cf. Chapters 16 and 27)
      • 1.1.2 Fleece Vowels (cf. Chapters 16 and 26)
      • 1.1.3 Meat Vowels (cf. Chapters 17, 18 and 26)
      • 1.1.4 Face Vowels (cf. Chapters 18 and 26)
      • 1.1.5 Mouth Vowels (cf. Chapters 20 and 27)
      • 1.1.6 Goose Vowels (cf. Chapter 20 and 26)
      • 1.1.7 Goat Vowels (cf. Chapters 21, 22 and 26)
      • 1.1.8 Kit Vowels (cf. Chapter 16 and 26)
      • 1.1.9 Dress Vowels (cf. Chapters 17 and 26)
      • 1.1.10 Trap Vowels (Chapters 19 and 26)
      • 1.1.11 Path Vowels (cf. Chapters 18, 19, 21, 22 and 26)
      • 1.1.12 Lot Vowels (cf. Chapters 21, 22 and 26)
      • 1.1.13 Strut Vowels (cf. Chapters 21, 22 and 26)
      • 1.1.14 Foot Vowels (cf. Chapters 21 and 26)
      • 1.1.15 Palm Vowels (cf. Chapter 19, cf. Path words above)
      • 1.1.16 Taught Vowels (cf. Chapter 21)
      • 1.1.17 Square Vowels (cf. Chapters 19 and 26)
      • 1.1.18 Start Vowels (cf. Chapter 19)
      • 1.1.19 North Vowels
      • 1.1.20 Nurse Vowels (cf. Chapters 16 and 21)
      • 1.1.21 Girl Vowels (Chapter 16)
      • 1.1.22 Mercy Vowels (Chapter 16)
      • 1.1.23 HappY Vowels (cf. Chapter 16)
      • 1.1.24 LettER Vowels (cf. Chapter 27?)
      • 1.1.25 Wait Diphthongs
      • 1.1.26 Choice Diphthongs
      • 1.1.27 Know Diphthongs
      • 1.1.28 Known Diphthongs
    • 1.2 Some Final Conclusions Regarding New EnglandShort u and Short o
    • 1.3 Franklin’s Boston Vowel Inventory
  • 2. Franklin’s Consonant Inventory
  • Conclusion to Part III
• PART IV.
• FRANKLIN’S REFORMED MODE OF SPELLING (1768/1779)
• “English” or “American”?
• Introduction to Part IV
• 25. The Reformed Mode of Spelling: Presentation and Analysis
  • Introduction
  • 1. Benjamin Vaughan’s 1779 Edition of Franklin’s Writings
    • 1.1 Benjamin Vaughan: Friend and Fellow Whig
    • 1.2 Political, Miscellaneous and Philosophical Pieces Written by Benjamin Franklin
    • 1.3 Franklin’s Idiolect: British or American?
    • 1.4 Franklin’s Linguistic Insecurity
  • 2. A Review of Prior Linguistic Studies of Franklin’s RMS
    • 2.1 Noah Webster
    • 2.2 Alexander Ellis
    • 2.3 Charles Grandgent
    • 2.4 George Krapp
    • 2.5 Kemp Malone and Carl Van Dorn
    • 2.6 William Angus
    • 2.7 Claude Wise
    • 2.8 C. J. Stevens
    • 2.9 Christopher Looby
    • 2.10 Nickola Twilley
    • 2.11 J. Stamp
    • 2.12 André Mazarin
    • 2.13 Hope C. Dawson and Brian D. Joseph
  • 3. An Overview of Franklin’s Reformed Mode of Spelling
    • 3.1 Guiding Principles of his Reform
    • 3.2 A Proto-Phonemic Approach
    • 3.3 Six New Characters
    • 3.4 Franklin’s and Stevenson’s Transcriptions
    • 3.5 An Unexpected Discovery: Franklin’s July 20, 1768 Letter to Polly Stevenson
    • 3.6 A Second Discovery: Polly Stevenson’s September 26, 1768 Manuscript Response
    • 3.7 Interpreting the Contents of the Three Letters
    • 3.8 Franklin’s Arguments in Support of an Orthographic Reform
    • 3.9 Language Change and the Need for Orthographic Reform
• 26. The RMS Vocalic System
  • Introduction
  • 1. Franklin’s Descriptions of his Alphabet
    • 1.1 A Scientific Approach to Language Study
    • 1.2 Vaughan’s 1779 edition
  • 2. Franklin’s Vocalic System
    • 2.1 The Treatment of Vowels in Stressed and Unstressed Words and Syllables
    • 3.1 RMS
      • 3.1.2 Franklin’s RMS Transcriptions of Traditional Orthographic
    • 3.2 RMS spelling < ɑɑ >
      • 3.2.1 Traces of “New England o” [ɤ̞] in the RMS?
      • 3.2.2 Orthographic : [ɒ(ː)ɹ] or [o̞(ː)ɹ ~ ɤ̞ɹ]?
      • 3.2.3 Miscellaneous Examples
    • 3.3 RMS
      • 3.3.1 [æ] > [ɛ]
      • 3.3.2 Franklin’s Transcriptions
    • 3.4 RMS and <ê>
      • 3.4.1 Examples of Long [ɛː ~ e̞ː]:
      • 3.4.2 Primary Stress and Secondary Stress: [ɛ]
  • 3.5 RMS and
    • 3.5.1 Examples of
      • 3.5.2 Examples of
      • 3.5.3 [i] for [j-]
    • 3.6 RMS
      • 3.6.1 Stressed [u(ː)], Monosyllables
      • 3.6.2 Initial u [u-] for /w-/
      • 3.6.3 ME /wr-/ as [ur]
    • 3.7 RMS <ɥ>
      • 3.7.1 RMS <ɥr>
• 27. Diphthongs and Consonants
  • Introduction
  • 1. Diphthongs
    • 1.1 <ɥi> /ʌi/ for Price Words
    • 1.2 < ɑɑɥi> for /ɒi/: Choice Words2
    • 1.3 /ɛː/ for Wait Words
    • 1.4 <ɑɑu>/<ɑɑo> /ɒu/ for Mouth Words
  • 2. RMS Consonant System
    • 2.1 RMS for /h/
      • 2.1.1 [hw-] > [w-]
    • 2.2 RMS for /g/
    • 2.3 RMS for /k/
    • 2.4 RMS <*ʃ> for /ʃ/
    • 2.5 RMS <ŋ> for /ŋ/
    • 2.6 RMS for /n/
    • 2.7 RMS for /ɹ/
    • 2.8 RMS for /t/
    • 2.9 RMS for /d/
    • 2.10 RMS for /l/
    • 2.11 RMS for /s/
    • 2.12 RMS for /z/
    • 2.13 RMS <*θ> for /θ/
    • 2.14 RMS <*ð> for /ð/
    • 2.15 RMS for /f/
    • 2.16 RMS for /v/
    • 2.17 RMS for /b/
    • 2.18 RMS

      for /p/ >

    • 2.19 RMS for /m/
  • 3. An Articulatory Phonetic Perspective of his Consonant System
  • 4. Inconsistencies in Transcription: The Learning Curve
    • 4.1 for ɥr
    • 4.2 for <’d>
    • 4.3 and for and
    • 4.4 for
    • 4.5 versus
      • 4.5.1 Franklin’s /s/ and /z/ Realizations in his July 20, 1778 Letter to Stevenson
      • 4.5.2 Polly Stevenson’s Treatment of /s/ and /z/
      • 4.5.3 Franklin’s Treatment of and
  • Conclusion
• 28. Features of Franklin’s Boston Accent in the RMS and an Overview of Part IV
  • Introduction
  • 1. An Inventory of New England Features in Franklin’s RMS
    • 1.1 The Pin-Pen Merger, Massachusetts [ɪ] vs [ɛ]
    • 1.2 Massachusetts [ɪ] > [ɛ]
    • 1.3 Massachusetts [æ] > [ɛ]
    • 1.4 Massachusetts [ɛːɹ] for “are”
    • 1.5 Massachusetts [ɛɹ] for [ɤɹ ~ əɹ]
    • 1.6 Massachusetts [æɹ] for [əɹ]
    • 1.7 Massachusetts [ɛːɹ] vs [æːɹ]
    • 1.8 : Massachusetts Disparitary [æ(ː)ɹ]
    • 1.9 Massachusetts New England Short o [ɤ̞] vs RMS [o̞(ː)]
    • 1.10 Massachusetts <ɑɑ r> /ɒɹ/
    • 1.11 Massachusetts [ɤi ~ əu] vs [ɒi ~ ɔi] in Price and Choice Words
    • 1.12 Massachusetts -ly [-ləi ~ lɤi] vs [-li]
    • 1.13 Franklin’s Initial /u-/ (Orthographic )
    • 1.14 Massachusetts Retroflex or Approximant vs Trilled /r/
    • 1.15 Massachusetts and the Conservation of /l/ + C: ld / lm
    • 1.16 Massachusetts /ŋ/ vs /ŋg/
    • 1.17 Massachusetts /t/ > [t̬]
    • 1.18 Massachusetts, Non-Palatalization of /t ~ d ~ k ~ g ~ n/ before , or
      • 1.18.1 Lowell and the Biglow Papers (1848)
      • 1.18.2 Miscellaneous Examples
      • 1.18.3 Some Examples of Palatalization
    • 1.19 Morphemes and Pseudo-Morphemes: be-, de-, di-, dis-, re-
    • 1.20 Word-Final Morphemes
  • 2. Vocalic Reduction in Unstressed Words and Syllables
    • 2.1 -sion, -tion, -cion [ʃən]
    • 2.2 <-on>, <-ond>, <-ant>, <-ent>…
    • 2.3 Final Unstressed <-ble> and <-age>
  • 3. Franklin’s Proto-Phonemic RMS Inventory: An Overview
    • 3.1 The Vocalic System
      • 3.1.1 Order and Presentation
      • 3.1.2 Diphthongs
      • 3.1.3 Consonantal System
      • 3.1.4 Affricates, Consonant Clusters and the Case of /ʒ/ vs /ʃ/
  • 4. Diachronic and Comparative Views of the Data
    • 4.1 Phonological Evolution in England from 1500-1800 and in America from 1600-1800
    • 4.2 Franklin’s Idiolect and the New England Phonetic Ranges of Key Words
    • 4.3 A Comparative Look at Franklin’s RMS and Kenrick, Nares and Walker’s Schemes
    • 4.4 Franklin’s Contributions to Phonology
  • Conclusion to Part IV
• PART V.
• FRANKLIN’S LINGUISTIC LEGACY
• Introduction to Part V
• 29. Franklin’s Influence on Sir William Jones and Noah Webster
  • 1. Franklin and Sir William Jones
    • 1.2 Jones’ and Franklin’s Friendship and Correspondence
    • 1.3 Sir William Jones, Contributor the IPA
  • 2. Franklin and Noah Webster: An Ambiguous Relationship
    • 2.1 Defining an American Standard
    • 2.2 Epistolary Exchanges between Webster and Franklin
    • 2.3 A Linguistic Model for Americans: An Undeclared Disagreement
    • 2.4 American Democracy, Americanisms and English Disdain
• 30. Franklin and Webster, the Fathers of American Orthography
  • Introduction
  • 1. Franklin and Webster
    • 1.1 Webster’s Dissertations on the English Language, 1789
    • 1.2 Webster’s Dissertations and American Linguistic Nationalism
    • 1.3 New England English: An Echo of Older English Pronunciation?
    • 1.4 Webster’s Orthographic Scheme
    • 1.5 Advantages of a Reform
    • 1.6 Franklin, Webster and the English Orthoepist Tradition
    • 1.7 Webster’s Modification of Franklin’s Scheme
    • 1.8 A Golden Age for the English Language?
  • 2. Webster on his Own: Defining the Model
    • 2.1 Implementing Webster’s Spelling Reform: A Failed Attempt
    • 2.2 Swimming against the Tide
    • 2.3 A Compendious Dictionary of the English Language
  • 3. American Adherence to the London English Model
    • 3.1 Webster American Dictionary: A Lone Voice in the Wilderness
    • 3.2 American Fidelity to the London-Based Model
    • 3.3 The American Dictionary of the English Language (1828): Whittling Down the Reform
      • 3.3.1 Goodrich, the Trojan Horse
      • 3.3.2 Franklin’s Waning Impact on Webster’s Reform
  • 4. A 20th-Century Denouement
    • And heere is ended Frankeleyns Tale
• Synopsis and General Conclusions
  • Provincials: Social and Linguistic Insecurity
  • Sociolinguistic Foundations
  • Disparitary and Paritary Registers for Each Koine
  • Testing the Evidence
  • Dialectology and Historical Phonology
  • Probing under the “Tip of the Iceberg”10
  • The Linguistic Evidence
  • Interpreting Phonetic Ranges
  • The Sources of Franklin’s RMS
  • Franklin’s RMS: A Long-Neglected Forerunner of Modern Phonology?
  • Polly Stevenson’s Contributions to the RMS
  • New Englandisms in the RMS
  • Franklin’s Linguistic Legacy
• References
• Appendix 1: Franklin’s Reformed Mode of Spelling
  • (Vaughan’s 1779 Edition, pp. 467-478)
• Appendix 2:Benjamin Franklin and Polly Stevenson’s RMS Correspondence
  • A Few Practical Remarks
  • IPA Transcriptions of the Letters and Documents
  • Differences in Vaughan’s 1779 Rendering of Stevenson’s 1768 Manuscript Letter
• Appendix 3: A Glossary of Franklin and Stevenson’s RMS Transcriptions
• Appendix 4: Epistolary Exchanges between Benjamin Franklin and Noah Webster (1786-1789)
• Glossary of Linguistic and Sociolinguistic Terminology
  • Introduction
• Index
• About the Team
• This book need not end here…
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