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TOC Outline

1. Cover
2. Copyright
3. Dedication
4. Table of Contents
5. Acknowledgements
6. Author Biography
7. Phonetic Notation
8. IPA Vowel and Consonant Symbols, Descriptions and Key Words
9. Acronyms
10. List of Figures
11. Preface: Franklin, a “Forgotten Phonetician”?
12. General Introduction
13. PART I. THE SOCIOHISTORICAL AND SOCIOLINGUISTIC ORIGINS OF FRANKLIN’S REFORMED MODE OF SPELLING
14. Introduction to Part I
15. Section 1. Dissident Culture, Religion and Politics: Franklin’s Life Story
16. 1. Social and Sociolinguistic Stratification in England: The Seeds of a Popular Revolt (1357-1689)
17. 2. Franklin’s Family History and his Formative Years (1706-1723)
18. 3. Printer, Writer and Businessman: Franklin’s Rise to Prominence (1723-1750s)
19. 4. “O powerful Goodness!”
20. 5. Franklin the Altruist and his “Good Works” (1730-1768)
21. Section 2. Franklin’s Political Engagement (1731-1790): From British Patriot to American Zealot
22. 6. “A Dangerous Man” and “Tribune of the People”1
23. 7. The “French and Indian” Wars (1756-1763): Franklin, a Defender of the People
24. 8. The Seeds of Discord: Taxation without Representation (1757-1775)
25. 9. Franklin, the Reluctant Rebel (1775-1790)
26. PART II. THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS
27. Introduction to Part II
28. 10. Social Hierarchy and Sociolinguistics: Guiding Principles
29. 11. The Genesis of American English: Theoretical Framework
30. 12. Koines and Koineization: Another Look at the Data
31. 13. Franklin’s Sources: 16th-and 17th-Century English Orthoepists
32. 14. Franklin the Prescriptivist: His Views on Language Propriety
33. 15. Methodological Approaches
34. References
35. Glossary of Linguistic and Sociolinguistic Terminology
36. Index
37. About the Team
38. This book need not end here…
39. You may also be interested in:

Headings Outline

• Benjamin Franklin, Orthoepist and Phonetician
• Volume 1
• Benjamin Franklin, Orthoepist and Phonetician
  • Vol. 1
  • Language, Literacy and Social Mobility in Franklin’s World
    • Gary D. German
• Table of Contents
• Acknowledgements
• Author Biography
• Phonetic Notation
• IPA Vowel and Consonant Symbols, Descriptions and Key Words
• Acronyms
• List of Figures
• Preface: Franklin, a “Forgotten Phonetician”?
  • Joan Beal
  • Reference
• General Introduction
  • Franklin: A Forgotten Phonetician
  • Past Works on the RMS
  • A Proto-Phonemic Orthography
  • The RMS: British English or American English?
  • A Turning Point
  • The RMS: A London-Based Model?
  • A Unifying Theme
  • Structure and Presentation
    • Part I. The Sociohistorical and Sociolinguistic Origins of Franklin’s Reformed Mode of Spelling (Chapters 1–9)
    • Part II. Theoretical and Methodological Foundations (Chapters 10-15)
    • Part III: A Historical Phonology of Colonial New England English: “Probing under the Iceberg” (Chapters 16-24)
    • Part IV. Franklin’s Reformed Mode of Spelling (1768-1779) (Chapters 25-28)
    • Part V. Franklin’s Linguistic Legacy (Chapters 29-30)
  • Appendices
• PART I.
• THE SOCIOHISTORICAL AND SOCIOLINGUISTIC ORIGINS OF FRANKLIN’S REFORMED MODE OF SPELLING
• Contextualization I
• Introduction to Part I
• Section 1. Dissident Culture, Religion and Politics: Franklin’s Life Story
• 1. Social and Sociolinguistic Stratification in England: The Seeds of a Popular Revolt (1357-1689)
  • Introduction
  • 1. The Great Chain of Being
  • 2. Diglossia in Norman England
  • 3. An English Religious, Linguistic and Social Awakening
    • 3.1 Founding English-Language Religious Texts
    • 3.2 Bible Translations: A Subversive Text
      • 3.2.1 William Tyndale (1494-1536)
      • 3.2.2 Tyndale’s Successors
      • 3.2.3 The King James Bible
  • 4. The Divine Right of Kings: Fissures in the Secular Hierarchy
  • 5. The Massachusetts Settlement
• 2. Franklin’s Family History and his Formative Years (1706-1723)
  • Introduction
  • 1. Franklin’s Family History (1555-1706)1
  • 2. Franklin’s Family and Childhood (1706-1723)
    • 2.1 Franklin as a Nascent Scholar (1714)
    • 2.2 Franklin, the Printer’s Apprentice: Mastering the English Language
    • 2.3 Improving his Written Style
    • 2.4 Franklin, a Lover of Books
    • 2.5 Franklin, a Budding Writer (1720-1721)
• 3. Printer, Writer and Businessman: Franklin’s Rise to Prominence (1723-1750s)
  • Introduction
  • 1. Franklin, Runaway Indentured Servant (1723)
    • 1.1 Cultivating a Network of Free Thinkers
    • 1.2 An Informal Literary Club
  • 2. Franklin’s First Visit to England (1724-1726)
    • 2.1 Honing his Printing Skills and Sowing his Wild Oats
    • 2.2 On the Shortcomings of Deism
    • 2.3 Maturing Process
  • 3. Back in Philadelphia (1726)
    • 3.1 Keimer’s Assistant (1727-1728)
    • 3.2 Paper Money: Another Financial Opportunity
    • 3.4 The Junto (1727)
  • 4. Franklin, Editor and Owner of the Pennsylvania Gazette (1728)
    • 4.1 Franklin: A Successful Businessman
    • 4.2 A Lesson in Business Sense
    • 4.3 Franklin, Deputy Postmaster General
    • 4.4 Franklin, a Man of Wealth and Standing (1730-1748)
• 4. “O powerful Goodness!”
  • Introduction
  • 1. Franklin’s Dissenting Religious Inheritance (1714-1717)
    • 1.1 Cotton Mather’s Essays to Do Good
    • 1.2 Wisdom, Self-Interrogation and Self-Improvement
  • 2. Deism and Science
  • 3. Franklin’s Art of Virtue (1726)
  • 4. Franklin’s Articles of Belief and Acts of Religion (1728)
  • 5. Christianity as a Force for Social Advancement
    • 5.1 Franklin’s Role in the First Great Awakening (1739-1740s)
  • Conclusion
• 5. Franklin the Altruist and his “Good Works” (1730-1768)
  • Introduction
  • 1. Secret Societies for the Betterment of Mankind
    • 1.1 The Junto, 1727
    • 1.2 The Freemasons, 1731
  • 2. Natural Philosophy
  • 3. Practical Projects and Inventions
    • 3.1 The Foundation of the Philadelphia Constabulary, 1735
    • 3.2 The Foundation of the Union Fire Company of Philadelphia, 1736
    • 3.3 The Invention of the “Franklin Stove,” 1742
    • 3.4 The First Public Hospital of Philadelphia, 1751
    • 3.5 Flexible Catheter, 1752
    • 3.6 Bifocal Glasses, 1785
    • 3.7 Paving the Streets and Installing Street Lamps, 1757
  • 4. Educational Projects as a Force for Social Betterment
    • 4.1 The First Subscription Public Library, 1730
    • 4.2 Philadelphia Academy and the Philosophical Society of Philadelphia, 1743-1744
    • 4.3 Poor Richard’s Almanack, a Tool for Instructing the People
    • 4.4 Reformed Mode of Spelling, 1768
  • Conclusion
• Section 2. Franklin’s Political Engagement (1731-1790): From British Patriot to American Zealot
• 6. “A Dangerous Man” and “Tribune of the People”1
  • Introduction
  • 1. Franklin, the English-American
  • 2. British America, the Source of Britain’s Future Greatness
  • 3. The Geopolitical Context
    • 3.1 French and Indian Wars: Hidden Consequences
    • 3.2 The French in North America
    • 3.3 The Native Americans
    • 3.4 The Quakers, Lords Proprietors and the Pennsylvania Assembly
    • 3.5 Unwilling Partners: The Proprietors and the Quakers
  • 4. Founding a Unified Colonial Militia
• 7. The “French and Indian” Wars (1756-1763): Franklin, a Defender of the People
  • 1. Franklin’s Call for a United Colonial Defence
    • 1.1 The Albany Plan Is Rejected
    • 1.2 General Braddock’s 1755 Campaign
  • 2. The Proprietors and the Pennsylvania Militia (1755-1763)
  • 3. The Dark Years
    • 3.1 British Contempt and Wounded American Pride
    • 3.2 A Native American Account
  • 4. Facing Down the Proprietors
  • Conclusion
• 8. The Seeds of Discord: Taxation without Representation (1757-1775)
  • 1. Franklin, an Agent for the Colonies
  • 2. The Path toward Revolution
    • 2.1 George III Imposes a New Round of Taxes and Laws
    • 2.2 The Townshend Act
    • 2.3 Franklin, the Land Speculator
    • 2.4 Rescinding the Townshend Act
    • 2.5 The Hutchinson Letters Scandal
    • 2.6 Franklin’s Last-Ditch Attempt to keep America British
    • 2.7 The Final Humiliation
  • Conclusion
• 9. Franklin, the Reluctant Rebel (1775-1790)
  • Introduction
  • 1. Shattered Bonds with the Motherland
  • 2. Franklin, American Minister Plenipotentiary to France
    • 2.1 The Treaty of Alliance and the Treaty of Amity and Commerce
    • 2.2 Franklin, the Courtesan
    • 2.3 Negotiating the Peace
  • 3. Franklin’s Final Years
    • 3.1 The Voyage Back to Philadelphia
    • 3.2 Franklin, the Abolitionist
  • Conclusion to Part I
• PART II.
• THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS
• Contextualization II
• Introduction to Part II
• 10. Social Hierarchy and Sociolinguistics: Guiding Principles
  • 1. The Great Chain of Being: A Current Sociolinguistic Reality
  • 2. Le Dû and Le Berre’s Sociolinguistic Model
    • 2.1 Idioms and Institutions
    • 2.2 Paritary and Disparitary Registers
    • 2.3 The Norm and Ecclesiastical Standard
    • 2.4 “Badumes” and Basilects
  • 3. The Development of Interdialects
  • 4. The Rise of an Ecclesiastical Standard
    • 4.1 The Lay Folks’ Catechism
    • 4.2 The Laws of Pleading and Wycliffe’s English Bible
  • 5. The Rise of Modified Secular Standard
  • 6. Printing and the Codification of a Secular Standard
  • 7. Towards a Secular “Norm” for the English State
  • 8. Linguistic Diversity: Past and Present
    • 8.1 A Middle English Example
    • 8.2 Conservatism of the Modern English Basilects
    • 8.3 Two Examples of Modern Basilectal Varieties in Context: Somerset and Lancashire
  • Conclusion
• 11. The Genesis of American English: Theoretical Framework
  • Introduction
  • 1. Language Development in Colonial North America
    • 1.1 British Testimonies Regarding the Uniformity of 18th-Century American English
    • 1.2 Parallels between Colonial French and English in North America1
  • 2. Theoretical Foundations
    • 2.1 The Founder Generation Principle
      • 2.1.1 A “Norman” Founder Generation for Québec?
      • 2.1.2 A Case of Colonial Lag?
      • 2.1.3 Québécois French: A Fall from Grace
    • 2.2 Massachusetts English: An Essex Founder Generation?
      • 2.2.1 Fischer’s Interpretation
      • 2.2.2 The Massachusetts Mesolect
      • 2.2.3 The Case of Rev. John Allin
      • 2.2.4 New England Cultural and Linguistic Identity?
  • 3. “New Dialect Formation” and the Colonial Feature Pool
    • 3.1 The “Sharedness Principle”
    • 3.2 “Phonetic Range,” a Focused Interpretation of the “Feature Pool”
    • 3.3 Giles’ Communication Accommodation Theory (CAT)
      • 3.3.1 Code Switching and Accommodation
    • 3.4 Bickerton’s “Language Bioprogram Theory” (LBT)
• 12. Koines and Koineization: Another Look at the Data
  • Introduction
  • 1. Koineization in 17th- and 18th-Century North America
    • 1.2 Two Registers of the North American Koine(s)
    • 1.3 Dillard’s Hypothesis
    • 1.4 Sich: An Example of Continuity
    • 1.5 Identifying the Elements of the “Feature Pool”
    • 1.6 The Continuity of Basilectal Grammatical Features
  • 2. The Demographics of Colonial America
    • 2.1 The New England Colonies
    • 2.2 The Middle Colonies
    • 2.3 The Southern Colonies
  • Conclusion
• 13. Franklin’s Sources: 16th-and 17th-Century English Orthoepists
  • Introduction
  • 1. 16th- and 17th-Century Orthoepists
    • 1.1 John Cheke
    • 1.2 Sir Thomas Smith
      • 1.2.1 Franklin’s Knowledge of Smith’s De Recta
      • 1.2.2 An English Golden Age?
    • 1.3 John Hart
    • 1.4 William Bullokar
    • 1.5 Charles Butler
    • 1.6 Alexander Gil
    • 1.7 John Wallis
    • 1.8 John Wilkins
    • 1.9 Edward Lhuyd
    • 1.10 Christopher Cooper
  • Conclusion
• 14. Franklin the Prescriptivist: His Views on Language Propriety
  • Introduction
  • 1. Franklin and the 18th-Century Orthoepists
    • 1.1 Franklin’s Linguistic Insecurity
  • 2. Franklin and Spence: “Knowledge Frees”
    • 2.1 Which Linguistic Model for Provincial English Speakers?
    • 2.2 Internal Colonialism: A Sociolinguistic Perspective
      • 2.2.1 Social and Linguistic “Mimicry”
      • 2.2.2 London English or Modified Standards?
  • 3. Franklin’s Prescriptive Vision of English
    • 3.1 “Modified” Standards and Ecclesiastical Standards
    • 3.2 Franklin’s Condemnation of the Non-Standard American Vernacular
    • 3.3 Drawling
    • 3.4 Franklin on Education and the Value of “Good English”
    • 3.5 Moving towards an English Acrolect?
• 15. Methodological Approaches
  • Introduction
  • 1. Methodology and Sources
    • 1.1 The Orthoepists
    • 1.2 The New England and New York Town Records
    • 1.3 18th-Century New England Poets
      • 1.3.1 Franklin, the Poet
      • 1.3.2 Franklin’s Poetry: Poor Richard’s Almanack (1719-1758)
      • 1.3.3 The Hunt for “Imperfect” Rhymes
      • 1.3.4 Perfect Versus Imperfect Rhymes
      • 1.3.5 Examples of “Imperfect Rhymes”
      • 1.3.6 Tentative Results of This Statistical Analysis
      • 1.3.7 Interpretating the Data
    • 1.4 William Barnes (1801-1886), Dorset Poet
    • 1.5 The Biglow Papers and the Massachusetts Paritary Koine
      • 1.5.1 Prose Extract
      • 1.5.2 Extract from Lowell’s Poetry
  • 2. Modern Dialects for Comparative Analyses
    • 2.1 Contemporary English Dialect Evidence
    • 2.2 Contemporary American Dialect Evidence
  • 3. Diachronic Contextualization and the Great Vowel Shift
  • 4. André Mazarin’s Scheme: A Diachronic Framework
  • 5. Wells’ Lexical Sets and ME Sources (1982)
  • Conclusion
• References
• Glossary of Linguistic and Sociolinguistic Terminology
  • Introduction
• Index
• About the Team
• This book need not end here…
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