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Cover of Surveillance and Control of Dengue Vectors in the United States and Territories |
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An image showing the main dengue vectors. The following information is included about Aedes aegypti (yellow fever mosquito): Closely associated with people; Does not depend on the presence of vegetation indoor / outdoor (resting, biting, ovipositing); Urban/suburban/rural areas; Greater resistance to desiccation (eggs); Main dengue vector worldwide. The following information is included about Aedes albopictus (Asian treehole mosquito): Less dependent on people; Depends on tall vegetation; Outdoor mosquito; Suburban/rural areas; Main dengue vector in some areas / secondary vector; Greater cold hardiness; Better competitor in larval stage. There is a photo of an adult mosquito of each species biting a human. |
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An image showing the life cycle of dengue vectors for Aedes aegypti at four stages. Egg: Eggs are laid on the inner side of containers, right above the water-line - they need to dry out and complete embryogenesis (2-4 days); Eggs resist desiccation for months - an egg bank is the total number of eggs present in all containers that could potentially hatch after being flooded by rains or the addition of water by people (e.g., water storage, flowerpots, animal drinking pans, watering plants, etc.); Due to the absence of commercial ovicides, eggs are not currently a target for control. Larva: There are four instars (I - IV) or stages of development - the larva sheds its skin to grow to the next stage of development; Larvae feed on particulate organic matter and micro-organisms in the water - larval development usually takes one week at 27°C usually limited, so many larvae die before completing development; Larvae do not have resistance to desiccation - they are aquatic and breathe at the surface of the water through a syphon at the posterior end of their bodies. Pupa: A fourth instar larva molts into a pupa after completing its development; Pupae do not eat - it is a transitional stage where the final body of the adult mosquito forms during 1.5 - 3 days (metamorphosis) - an adult mosquito emerges from the pupal case; Like larvae, pupae breathe through trumpet-like siphons. Adult mosquito: Females need blood to develop eggs every 3-5 days; Females seek containers with water to lay their eggs; Males do not bite but suck nectar of flowers/fruits; Adult mosquitoes can live up several weeks in the field; Female mosquitoes may get dengue viruses in the blood meal - viruses replicate for 7-12 days, and the mosquito becomes infective and can transmit the virus the next time it bites. Each of these four stages is illustrated by a photo of Aedes aegypti at that stage. |
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A diagram showing interactions between the following ecological factors: aquatic habitats, housing, climate/weather, public services, mosquito eggs, larvae/pupae, other aquatic organisms, vector control, adult mosquitoes. |
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A diagram showing interactions between the following: Adult mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti, Ae. albopictus, Ae. Polynesiensis); Human movement (Local and international travel); ATVS (Dengue, Zika, Chikungunya, Yellow fever); Humans (infected, susceptible, immune); Dead-end vertebrate hosts. |
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A colour-coded map showing the distribution of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in US states and territories. Grey = not established, blue = presence reported, pink = most likely established, dots = cases reported. |
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A curved line graph of confirmed dengue cases (y axis) plotted against months (x axis). |
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An image with photos illustrating each of the following types of aquatic habitats of dengue vectors: Utensils (pails, tarps; paint trays); Water-storage containers (barrels, jars, tanks, cisterns); Discarded containers (tires, trash, junk); Animal drinking pans; Ornamental (fountains, plant pots); Recreational objects (plastic pools, toys, boats); Natural containers (treeholes, bromeliads); Open/broken septic tanks; Water meters / storm drains |
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Illustrations of the siphons of Aedes aegypti and Culex pipiens larvae, with the pecten labelled in the former and the siphon (air tube) labelled in the latter. |
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An image with photos illustrating each of the following devices to sample dengue vector populations: Ovitraps; Electro-mechanical aspirators; CDC Autocidal gravid ovitrap (AGO trap); BG-Sentinel® trap. |
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A curved line graph with a solid line showing cases in 2010 and a dotted line showing the epidemic threshold, with dengue cases on the y axis and epidemiological week on the x axis. |
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Back cover of Surveillance and Control of Dengue Vectors in the United States and Territories |
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