EPUB Accessibility Report

Generated by DAISY Ace (1.3.6) on 28/05/2025, 11:44:26 [Ace App v1.3.6]

If you find DAISY Ace useful, please help us by donating to support its ongoing maintenance. Support our work

Title: Oral Poetry

(EPUB 3.0)

Violations

Go to: Summary of violations | All violations

Summary of violations

Violation count, by ruleset and severity.
Critical Serious Moderate Minor Total
WCAG 2.0 A 00000
WCAG 2.0 AA 00000
WCAG 2.0 AAA 00000
WCAG 2.1 A 00000
WCAG 2.1 AA 00000
WCAG 2.1 AAA 00000
WCAG 2.2 A 00000
WCAG 2.2 AA 00000
WCAG 2.2 AAA 00000
EPUB 00000
Best Practice 00000
Other 00000
Total 00000

All violations

Impact Ruleset Rule File Reset filters
Violations in the EPUB, with references to severity, guidelines and specific location of problem.
Impact Ruleset Rule Location Details

Metadata

Go to: All Metadata | Accessibility Metadata

All Metadata

Publication metadata.
Name Value
dc:title Oral Poetry
dc:creator Ruth Finnegan
dc:subject Oral Poetry;Comparative Analysis;Transmission;Cultural Context;Social Phenomenon;Literary Tradition
dc:description This book offers a comprehensive introduction to the vast field of 'oral poetry,' encompassing everything from American folksongs, contemporary pop songs, and Inuit lyrics, to the heroic epics of Homer, biblical psalms, and epic traditions in Asia and the Pacific. Taking a broad comparative approach, it explores oral poetry across Africa, Asia, Oceania, Europe, and the Americas. Drawing on global research, Ruth Finnegan, the author of the seminal Oral Literature in Africa, sheds light on key debates such as the nature of oral tradition, the relationship between poetry and society, the differences between oral and written forms, and the role of poets in predominantly non-literate contexts. 
 
Written from a primarily anthropological and literary perspective, this study contributes to the socio-cultural aspects of verbal art while also engaging with the literary dimensions of poetry which happens at any given moment to be unwritten. Finnegan's clear, non-technical language and extensive use of translated examples make this work accessible to a wide audience, appealing not only to sociologists and anthropologists but also to those with an interest in poetry, in comparative literature, and in global folk traditions. 
 
The re-issue of this classic study is now augmented by further illustrations and a newly written Introduction and Conclusion, situating it in the context of the contemporary study of literature.
dc:date 2025-05-21T14:35:23Z
dc:rights ©2025 Ruth Finnegan, CC BY-NC 4.0
dc:language en-GB | en-US | ar-SA | da-DK | de-DE | fr-FR | it-IT | pt-PT
dc:identifier urn:uuid:ace55e30-8ebd-464b-bade-52dd9c761c3f | 978-1-80511-412-3
generator Adobe InDesign 20.3.1
cover obp.0428_frontcover.jpg
ibooks:specified-fonts true
dcterms:modified 2025-05-28T09:36:53Z
schema:accessibilitySummary This publication conforms to WCAG 2.0 AA.
schema:accessMode textual | visual
schema:accessModeSufficient textual
schema:accessibilityFeature structuralNavigation | alternativeText
schema:accessibilityHazard none

Accessibility Metadata

The following accessibility metadata is present:

The following accessibility metadata is missing: .

Outlines

Go to: TOC Outline | Headings Outline

TOC Outline

  1. Cover
  2. Dedication
  3. Contents
  4. Acknowledgements
  5. Foreword
  6. Preface to the 1977 edition
  7. Preface to the 2025 edition
  8. 1. Introductory
    1. 1.1 The importance of oral poetry
    2. 1.2 Some forms of oral poetry
    3. 1.3 What is ‘oral’ in oral poetry?
    4. 1.4 The ‘poetry’ in oral poetry
    5. 1.5 Performance and text
  9. 2. Some approaches to the study of oral poetry
    1. 2.1 Romantic and evolutionist theories
    2. 2.2 The ‘historical-geographical’ school
    3. 2.3 Sociological approaches and the sociology of literature
    4. 2.4 Two ‘ideal types’ of society and poetry
  10. 3. Composition
    1. 3.1 Is memorisation the key factor?
    2. 3.2 Composition-in-performance and the oral-formulaic theory
    3. 3.3 How valid is the oral-formulaic theory?
    4. 3.4 Prior composition, memorisation and performance
    5. 3.5 Conclusion
  11. 4. Style and performance
    1. 4.1 The relevance of style and performance
    2. 4.2 Prosodic systems
    3. 4.3 Repetition, style and structure
    4. 4.4 Language and diction
    5. 4.5 Performance
    6. 4.6 Is there a special oral style?
  12. 5. Transmission, distribution and publication
    1. 5.1 Oral transmission over space and time: some striking cases
    2. 5.2 Inert tradition, memorisation or re-creation?
    3. 5.3 How do oral poems reach their audiences?
    4. 5.4 ‘Oral transmission’ and writing
    5. 5.5 Conclusion
  13. 6. Poets and their positions
    1. 6.1 The poet: five examples
    2. 6.2 Some types of poets: specialists, experts and occasional poets
    3. 6.3 Are oral poets anonymous?
    4. 6.4 The poet as seer
    5. 6.5 The poet as individual genius
  14. 7. Audience, context and function
    1. 7.1 Some types of audience
    2. 7.2 The effect and the composition of audiences
    3. 7.3 The purpose and meaning of poetry: local theories
    4. 7.4 Some effects of oral poetry
  15. 8. Poetry and society
    1. 8.1 The link between poetic and social institutions
    2. 8.2 Does one type of poetry always go with a particular form of society? ‘Heroic age’, ‘ballad society’ and ‘oral culture’
    3. 8.3 Literature as the reflection and consequence of social forms
    4. 8.4 Literature as social action
  16. Concluding comment
  17. Afterword
  18. Web links
  19. Bibliography
  20. List of Illustrations
  21. Index
  22. About the Team
  23. This book need not end here…
  24. You may also be interested in:
  25. Back cover

Headings Outline

  • Contents
  • Acknowledgements
  • Foreword
  • Preface to the 1977 edition
  • Preface to the 2025 edition
  • 1. Introductory
    • 1.1 The importance of oral poetry
    • 1.2 Some forms of oral poetry
  • Dic, Christi veritas,
  • Dic, cara raritas,
  • Dic, rara caritas
  • Ubi nunc habitas?
  • Tell me, you truth of Christ,
  • Tell me, dear rareness,
  • Tell me, rare dearness,
  • Where are you now?
    • 1.3 What is ‘oral’ in oral poetry?
    • 1.4 The ‘poetry’ in oral poetry
    • 1.5 Performance and text
  • 2. Some approaches to the study of oral poetry
    • 2.1 Romantic and evolutionist theories
    • 2.2 The ‘historical-geographical’ school
    • 2.3 Sociological approaches and the sociology of literature
    • 2.4 Two ‘ideal types’ of society and poetry
  • 3. Composition
    • 3.1 Is memorisation the key factor?
    • 3.2 Composition-in-performance and the oral-formulaic theory
    • 3.3 How valid is the oral-formulaic theory?
    • 3.4 Prior composition, memorisation and performance
    • 3.5 Conclusion
  • 4. Style and performance
    • 4.1 The relevance of style and performance
    • 4.2 Prosodic systems
  • O ṣe é!
  • Yẹru Ọ̀kín | Ọlọfa Mọjọ̀.
  • Ọlalọmi mi ni ó làre | mo diju ng tó la `ṣu.
  • Ọkan o gbọdọ jù’kan l’Ọfà.
  • B’ọkan jù’kan | b’ọkan jù’kan | nwọn ni ọba ní kó wọn róro.
  • Ọba o ko iran anmi ri | ni lee Lalọmi.
  • Ija u pẹurẹu | abẹ òwu | ti nwọn jà l’Ọfà.
  • Loju u Lalọmi | soju uru uwa ii náà ni.
  • Ó ṣ’ ojú ebè l’ Ọ́fà.
  • O ṣ’ oju u poro `nú oko.
  • O ṣ’ oju agbelẹyaràrá.
  • Ó ṣ’ ojú u láporubukánúoko | tí jẹ́ àgùnmọ̀nà l’ Ọfà.
    • 4.3 Repetition, style and structure
    • 4.4 Language and diction
    • 4.5 Performance
    • 4.6 Is there a special oral style?
    • 4.7 Conclusion
  • 5. Transmission, distribution and publication
    • 5.1 Oral transmission over space and time: some striking cases
    • 5.2 Inert tradition, memorisation or re-creation?
    • 5.3 How do oral poems reach their audiences?
    • 5.4 ‘Oral transmission’ and writing
    • 5.5 Conclusion
  • 6. Poets and their positions
    • 6.1 The poet: five examples
    • 6.2 Some types of poets: specialists, experts and occasional poets
    • 6.3 Are oral poets anonymous?
    • 6.4 The poet as seer
    • 6.5 The poet as individual genius
  • 7. Audience, context and function
    • 7.1 Some types of audience
    • 7.2 The effect and the composition of audiences
    • 7.3 The purpose and meaning of poetry: local theories
    • 7.4 Some effects of oral poetry
  • 8. Poetry and society
    • 8.1 The link between poetic and social institutions
    • 8.2 Does one type of poetry always go with a particular form of society? ‘Heroic age’, ‘ballad society’ and ‘oral culture’
    • 8.3 Literature as the reflection and consequence of social forms
    • 8.4 Literature as social action
  • Concluding comment
  • Afterword
  • Web links
  • Bibliography
  • List of Illustrations
  • Index
  • About the Team
  • This book need not end here…
    • Share
    • Donate
    • We invite you to connect with us on our socials!
    • Read more at the Open Book Publishers Blog
  • You may also be interested in:
  • Contents
    • Landmarks

Images

Images in the EPUB, with their description
Image alt aria-describedby aria-details figcaption Location Role
Cover of Oral Poetry by Ruth Finnegan N/A N/A N/A cover.xhtml#epubcfi(/4/2/2) doc-cover
Open Book Publishers logo N/A N/A N/A title.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Finnegan-0428-EPUB]/2[Container001]/6/2) N/A
Creative Commons logo N/A N/A N/A copyright.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Finnegan-0428-EPUB]/2[Container005]/6/2/2[CC-logo]/2) N/A
Open Access logo N/A N/A N/A copyright.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Finnegan-0428-EPUB]/2[Container005]/6/4/2[CP-logo]/2) N/A
Ancient Greek mosaic representing the arts, featuring a central lyre surrounded by various artistic symbols and Greek inscriptions. N/A N/A N/A ch1.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Finnegan-0428-EPUB]/2[Container017]/58/2[Container012]/2) N/A
The Hindu sage Vyasa dictating the Mahabharata to Lord Ganesha, set under a sacred tree with elaborate roots and foliage. N/A N/A N/A ch1.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Finnegan-0428-EPUB]/2[Container017]/214/2[Container013]/2) N/A
Music notation N/A N/A N/A ch1.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Finnegan-0428-EPUB]/2[Container017]/228/2[Container014]/2) N/A
A photograph of the statue of an elderly man with a beard, playing a traditional Ukrainian bandura, wearing simple rustic clothing. N/A N/A N/A ch1.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Finnegan-0428-EPUB]/2[Container017]/396/2[Container015]/2) N/A
A historical photograph of a traditional Bangsawan theatre performance, showing actors in elaborate costumes on a decorated stage with an audience watching. N/A N/A N/A ch1.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Finnegan-0428-EPUB]/2[Container017]/428/2[Container016]/2) N/A
A surreal artistic image of an open book with a torn page transforming into a miniature landscape with a lone figure standing near a tree by the water. N/A N/A N/A ch2.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Finnegan-0428-EPUB]/2[Container026]/16/2[Container019]/2) N/A
A vintage cover page of 'The Athenaeum' journal from 1846, with an engraved illustration of an ancient Greek temple, likely the Parthenon. N/A N/A N/A ch2.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Finnegan-0428-EPUB]/2[Container026]/58/2[Container020]/2) N/A
An ancient clay tablet inscribed with cuneiform script, containing a passage from an early Mesopotamian text. N/A N/A N/A ch2.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Finnegan-0428-EPUB]/2[Container026]/78/2[Container021]/2) N/A
A black-and-white caricature drawing of a fantastical, exaggerated humanoid figure with an elongated body and peculiar limbs. N/A N/A N/A ch2.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Finnegan-0428-EPUB]/2[Container026]/118/2[Container022]/2) N/A
A historical engraving depicting a group of soldiers and civilians gathered around a fire, listening to a storyteller, with horses and military figures in the background. N/A N/A N/A ch2.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Finnegan-0428-EPUB]/2[Container026]/134/2[Container023]/2) N/A
Cover of 'Oral Literature in Africa' by Ruth Finnegan. The cover is yellow, featuring an image of African musicians playing drums, with the title in bold black letters at the top. N/A N/A N/A ch2.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Finnegan-0428-EPUB]/2[Container026]/182[table004]/4/2/2/2/2[Container024]/2) N/A
Cover of 'Oral Literature in Africa' by Ruth Finnegan. A stylised book cover illustration featuring an African storyteller wearing an ornate patterned robe and a tall decorated hat, holding a traditional stringed instrument. The book title reads 'Oral Literature in Africa' by Ruth Finnegan. N/A N/A N/A ch2.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Finnegan-0428-EPUB]/2[Container026]/182[table004]/4/2/4/2/2[Container025]/2) N/A
A group of men, dressed in shorts and head coverings, engaged in a communal threshing activity. They are raising wooden sticks in unison to beat the harvested crops, surrounded by golden piles of straw and lush green fields in the background. N/A N/A N/A ch3.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Finnegan-0428-EPUB]/2[Container030]/348/2[Container028]/2) N/A
A historical black-and-white photograph of an Inuit family dressed in thick fur parkas. The mother and father smile gently while their young child, also wrapped in fur, gazes directly into the camera. N/A N/A N/A ch3.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Finnegan-0428-EPUB]/2[Container030]/378/2[Container029]/2) N/A
A book cover titled 'The Great Bear: A Thematic Anthology of Oral Poetry in the Finno-Ugrian Languages.' The cover features a dark night sky with faint stars and an inset image of an ancient bear-shaped artefact, set against a silhouette of trees. N/A N/A N/A ch4.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Finnegan-0428-EPUB]/2[Container036]/588/2[Container032]/2) N/A
An elderly man wearing a traditional Kyrgyz hat and an embroidered black robe sits in front of a yurt, gesturing expressively with his hand. Two women in blue dresses are seated behind him, with musical instruments on stands in front of them, possibly part of a performance or storytelling session. N/A N/A N/A ch4.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Finnegan-0428-EPUB]/2[Container036]/656/2[Container033]/2) N/A
A close-up image of a vibrant blue and white budgerigar with intricate black markings on its wings and face, standing on the ground among scattered leaves and twigs. The small parrot has a yellow beak and black eyes, appearing alert. N/A N/A N/A ch4.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Finnegan-0428-EPUB]/2[Container036]/814/2[Container034]/2) N/A
A musician standing on a dimly lit stage, playing an acoustic guitar and singing into a microphone. He is dressed in a white shirt and dark jeans, with a patterned guitar strap. The blue stage lighting creates a dramatic effect, highlighting the performance. N/A N/A N/A ch4.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Finnegan-0428-EPUB]/2[Container036]/870/2[Container035]/2) N/A
A large statue of a warrior wearing traditional armour and holding a flag, mounted on a galloping horse. The statue is positioned on a decorated pedestal with white and gold detailing, and the deep blue sky forms a contrasting backdrop. N/A N/A N/A ch5.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Finnegan-0428-EPUB]/2[Container043]/22/2[Container038]/2) N/A
A vintage printed page from a book, featuring an illustration of a woman with curly hair, wearing a plaid shawl and a feathered hat. Below the drawing is the title 'Barbara Allan' and the opening verses of the traditional folk ballad. N/A N/A N/A ch5.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Finnegan-0428-EPUB]/2[Container043]/294/2[Container039]/2) N/A
A black-and-white photograph of a group of people bent over in a field, harvesting crops. They wear traditional clothing, and a few individuals stand observing the work, while the backdrop consists of rolling hills covered in vegetation. N/A N/A N/A ch5.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Finnegan-0428-EPUB]/2[Container043]/394/2[Container040]/2) N/A
An ancient manuscript with Sanskrit text written in Devanagari script on aged, brownish paper. The text is carefully scribed, with some annotations in red ink, suggesting it might be a religious or scholarly work. N/A N/A N/A ch5.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Finnegan-0428-EPUB]/2[Container043]/450/2[Container041]/2) N/A
A historic English book titled 'Reliques of Ancient English Poetry', printed in 1775. The page features a decorative illustration of a harp, a tree, and ruins, symbolising a connection to the past. N/A N/A N/A ch5.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Finnegan-0428-EPUB]/2[Container043]/462/2[Container042]/2) N/A
A black and white photograph of a Polynesian storyteller, seated on the ground with traditional adornments. He holds a wooden object, possibly a musical instrument or ceremonial item, while other people stand in the background. N/A N/A N/A ch6.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Finnegan-0428-EPUB]/2[Container061]/14/2[Container045]/2) N/A
A historical black and white photograph of an elderly man sitting outside, playing a traditional stringed musical instrument. He appears to be engaged in an expressive performance, likely a folk musician. N/A N/A N/A ch6.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Finnegan-0428-EPUB]/2[Container061]/126/2[Container046]/2) N/A
A black and white photograph of a smiling man, wearing a short-sleeved shirt. His relaxed posture and warm expression suggest a candid and friendly moment, possibly a musician or storyteller. N/A N/A N/A ch6.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Finnegan-0428-EPUB]/2[Container061]/152/2[Container047]/2) N/A
A close-up of an ancient Sumerian clay tablet with early cuneiform inscriptions. The carvings show pictographic symbols representing objects or concepts, likely an early form of record-keeping. N/A N/A N/A ch6.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Finnegan-0428-EPUB]/2[Container061]/618/2[Container048]/2) N/A
A close-up of an ancient Sumerian clay tablet with early cuneiform inscriptions. The carvings show pictographic symbols representing objects or concepts, likely an early form of record-keeping. N/A N/A N/A ch6.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Finnegan-0428-EPUB]/2[Container061]/622/2[Container049]/2) N/A
An ancient Greek red-figure hydria, a ceramic vessel with black and red designs depicting a musical scene. Women are shown interacting with a lyre, possibly in a setting of musical instruction or performance. N/A N/A N/A ch6.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Finnegan-0428-EPUB]/2[Container061]/628/2[Container050]/2) N/A
A traditional Chinese ink painting depicting a scholar in nature. He is surrounded by attendants and students, with trees and mountains in the background. The painting has calligraphic inscriptions and shows a refined, harmonious atmosphere. N/A N/A N/A ch6.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Finnegan-0428-EPUB]/2[Container061]/632/2[Container051]/2) N/A
A medieval European manuscript illustration of a king sitting on a golden throne, surrounded by musicians. The musicians play various instruments, including a lute, drums, and horns, while wearing colourful medieval attire. The background has a decorative patterned design. N/A N/A N/A ch6.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Finnegan-0428-EPUB]/2[Container061]/638/2[Container052]/2) N/A
A photograph of a man dressed in traditional Rajasthani attire sitting on a sandy desert landscape under a cloudy sky. He wears a red turban, a white kurta, and a necklace with pendants. An orange scarf drapes over his shoulders. He holds a small drum in his right hand, with his left hand resting on his knee. N/A N/A N/A ch6.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Finnegan-0428-EPUB]/2[Container061]/642/2[Container053]/2) N/A
A vibrant Tibetan-style mural featuring a mythical warrior figure riding an elaborately adorned horse, surrounded by celestial beings and colourful clouds. The scene is rich in symbolism and intricate detailing, characteristic of traditional Buddhist art. N/A N/A N/A ch6.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Finnegan-0428-EPUB]/2[Container061]/648/2[Container054]/2) N/A
A dramatic stage performance photograph of a female pop singer in denim shorts and a lace top, raising one arm high while holding a microphone. Bright stage lights illuminate her from behind, and a crowd of fans reaches out towards her. N/A N/A N/A ch6.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Finnegan-0428-EPUB]/2[Container061]/658/2[Container055]/2) N/A
A black and white photograph of a man and woman playing music together outdoors. The man has curly hair, wears a checkered shirt under a jacket, and plays the guitar with a harmonica holder around his neck. The woman has long dark hair, wears a plaid dress, and sings with an intense expression. N/A N/A N/A ch6.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Finnegan-0428-EPUB]/2[Container061]/662/2[Container056]/2) N/A
A traditional Middle Eastern illustration of a warrior riding a decorated black horse. The warrior wears ornate golden armour, a white turban, and holds a long spear. Arabic calligraphy is inscribed above him, adding to the historical and cultural depth of the image. N/A N/A N/A ch6.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Finnegan-0428-EPUB]/2[Container061]/668/2[Container057]/2) N/A
A black and white portrait of a middle-aged woman with short wavy hair, wearing a collared shirt and a dark coat. She has a warm, gentle smile and expressive eyes, conveying a friendly and approachable demeanour. N/A N/A N/A ch6.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Finnegan-0428-EPUB]/2[Container061]/672/2[Container058]/2) N/A
A digitally altered black and white photograph of a man with curly, unkempt hair, with an added cartoonish moustache and a drawn cigarette. His wide-eyed expression and messy hair give him a humorous and eccentric appearance. N/A N/A N/A ch6.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Finnegan-0428-EPUB]/2[Container061]/676/2[Container059]/2) N/A
A photograph of a group of African dancers performing a traditional dance outdoors. The dancers are dressed in vibrantly patterned attire, with some wearing red head wraps. A man in the foreground, dressed in a white robe, is energetically swinging a horsetail whisk. N/A N/A N/A ch6.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Finnegan-0428-EPUB]/2[Container061]/682/2[Container060]/2) N/A
Music notation N/A N/A N/A ch7.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Finnegan-0428-EPUB]/2[Container064]/24/2[Container063]/2) N/A
Book cover of 'The Gutenberg Galaxy' by Marshall McLuhan. The design features a stylised eye in black and red hues with circuitry patterns, symbolising media and technological evolution. N/A N/A N/A ch8.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Finnegan-0428-EPUB]/2[Container068]/124/2[Container066]/2) N/A
Typographic portrait of a man named Dharmen Rajput, where his facial features are created using repeated occurrences of his name in various sizes and orientations on a black background. N/A N/A N/A ch8.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Finnegan-0428-EPUB]/2[Container068]/130/2[Container067]/2) N/A
A young boy with short brown hair, wearing a brown T-shirt and blue jeans, sits on a grey chair near a window. He is holding two wooden drumsticks and appears to be playing a small drum with a joyful and focused expression. N/A N/A N/A afterword.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Finnegan-0428-EPUB]/2[Container074]/64/2[Container072]/2) N/A
A black and white photograph of a small child walking barefoot on rough ground, wearing minimal clothing with a string around the waist. An adult figure is partially visible in the background, also barefoot and wearing a traditional skirt. N/A N/A N/A afterword.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Finnegan-0428-EPUB]/2[Container074]/68/2[Container073]/2) N/A
Bluesky Logo N/A N/A N/A donate.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Finnegan-0428-EPUB]/4[Container085]/2/4[table021]/4/2/2/2/2) N/A
Mastodon Logo N/A N/A N/A donate.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Finnegan-0428-EPUB]/4[Container085]/2/4[table021]/4/2/4/2/2) N/A
LinkedIn Logo N/A N/A N/A donate.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Finnegan-0428-EPUB]/4[Container085]/2/4[table021]/4/2/6/2/2) N/A
Featured book cover N/A N/A N/A further-reading.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Finnegan-0428-EPUB]/2[Container094]/4/4/2[Container087]/2) N/A
Featured book cover N/A N/A N/A further-reading.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Finnegan-0428-EPUB]/2[Container094]/6/4/2[Container089]/2) N/A
Featured book cover N/A N/A N/A further-reading.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Finnegan-0428-EPUB]/2[Container094]/8/4/2[Container091]/2) N/A
Featured book cover N/A N/A N/A further-reading.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Finnegan-0428-EPUB]/2[Container094]/10/4/2[Container093]/2) N/A
Back cover of Oral Poetry by Ruth Finnegan N/A N/A N/A back-cover.xhtml#epubcfi(/4/2/2) N/A