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Title: Imagery of Hate Online

(EPUB 3.0)

Violations

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Critical Serious Moderate Minor Total
WCAG 2.0 A 00000
WCAG 2.0 AA 00000
WCAG 2.0 AAA 00000
WCAG 2.1 A 00000
WCAG 2.1 AA 00000
WCAG 2.1 AAA 00000
WCAG 2.2 A 00000
WCAG 2.2 AA 00000
WCAG 2.2 AAA 00000
EPUB 00000
Best Practice 00000
Other 00000
Total 00000

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Metadata

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Publication metadata.
Name Value
dc:title Imagery of Hate Online
dc:creator Matthias J. Becker;Marcus Scheiber;Uffa Jensen
dc:subject Visual Hate Speech;Multimodal Communication;Online Hate Ideologies;Digital Media and Propaganda;Antisemitism in Digital Spaces;Social Media and Hate Speech
dc:description This edited volume explores the evolving role of visual and multimodal expressions in spreading hate ideologies within digital communication. In digital spaces, hate speech is increasingly conveyed through memes, images, and videos, blending textual and pictorial elements to perpetuate harmful stereotypes and other exclusionary narratives. While historical perspectives on hate imagery are well-documented, this collection emphasises the pressing need for contemporary analysis of visual and multimodal communication in digital environments. 
 
Featuring contributions from interdisciplinary experts, this volume investigates the content, structure, and dynamics of normalisation of visual hate speech. By examining memes, manipulated images, and other visual artifacts, it reveals how hateful content gains traction in digital public spheres, often blurring traditional boundaries of acceptability. Through rigorous case studies and theoretical insights, the anthology provides a comprehensive understanding of how multimodality shapes hate discourse and its societal impact. 
 
Grounded in empirical research, this collection also addresses the challenges of defining and analysing hate ideologies, offering nuanced frameworks for distinguishing legitimate critique from hate-based narratives. Decoding Visual Hate is an essential resource for scholars, policymakers, teachers, and digital communicators seeking to combat the proliferation of visual hate and foster more inclusive online spaces.
dc:date 2025-05-01T13:05:18Z
dc:rights ©2025 Matthias J. Becker, Marcus Scheiber, Uffa Jensen (eds), CC BY 4.0
dc:language de-DE | en-GB
dc:identifier urn:uuid:54642469-38be-4028-924d-eba4d307b9d4 | 978-1-80511-503-8
generator Adobe InDesign 20.3
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dcterms:modified 2025-05-02T15:47:42Z
schema:accessibilitySummary This publication conforms to WCAG 2.0 AA.
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Accessibility Metadata

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Outlines

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TOC Outline

  1. Cover
  2. Title page
  3. Copyright
  4. Contents
  5. About the Authors
  6. List of Figures
  7. List of Tables
  8. 1. Introduction
    1. Marcus Scheiber and Matthias J. Becker
  9. 2. The “Happy Merchant” as an antisemitic hate picture: A historical perspective on visual antisemitism
    1. Uffa Jensen
  10. 3. Memetic antisemitism: How memes teach age-old hatred
    1. Lev Topor
  11. 4. Extremist internet memes as a means of persuasion: A visual rhetorical approach
    1. Eemeli Hakoköngäs and Otto Halmesvaara
  12. 5. Same tools, different target: Countering hate speech with memes
    1. Carmen Aguilera-Carnerero, Matthias J. Becker, and Marcus Scheiber
  13. 6. Memefication of antisemitism:Antisemitic content on TikTok—a multimodal ethnographic analysis
    1. Mohamed Salhi and Yasmine Goldhorn
  14. 7. Unveiling populist tactics on TikTok: A multimodal critical discursive psychology approach
    1. Inari Sakki
  15. 8. Pictured hate:A visual discourse analysis of derogatory memes on Telegram
    1. Lisa Bogerts, Wyn Brodersen, Maik Fielitz, and Pablo Jost
  16. 9. Studying soft hate speech online: Synthesising approaches from multimodality research and argumentation theory
    1. Dimitris Serafis and Janina Wildfeuer
  17. 10. Analysing deepfakes:A discourse-semiotic approach
    1. Marcus Scheiber
  18. Index
  19. About the Team
  20. This book need not end here…
    1. Share
    2. Donate
    3. We invite you to connect with us on our socials!
    4. Read more at the Open Book Publishers Blog
  21. You may also be interested in:
  22. Back cover

Headings Outline

  • Contents
  • About the Authors
  • List of Figures
  • List of Tables
  • 1. Introduction
    • Marcus Scheiber and Matthias J. Becker
    • References
  • 2. The “Happy Merchant” as an antisemitic hate picture: A historical perspective on visual antisemitism
    • Uffa Jensen
    • Abstract
    • Introduction
    • References
  • 3. Memetic antisemitism: How memes teach age-old hatred
    • Lev Topor
    • Abstract
    • Introduction
    • Methodology
    • Antisemitism and its illustrative demonstration
    • Memetic antisemitism
    • The next stage of memes: Memes for “people of culture”
    • Conclusion
    • References
    • Sources
  • 4. Extremist internet memes as a means of persuasion: A visual rhetorical approach
    • Eemeli Hakoköngäs and Otto Halmesvaara
    • Abstract
    • Internet memes as a means of persuasion
    • Finnish extremist movements employing internet memes
    • Analysing internet memes: Visual rhetorical analysis
    • Applying visual rhetorical analysis
    • Defining ‘a meme’ for analysis
    • Copyrights and research ethics
    • Conclusions
    • References
  • 5. Same tools, different target: Countering hate speech with memes
    • Carmen Aguilera-Carnerero, Matthias J. Becker, and Marcus Scheiber
    • Abstract
    • Introduction
    • Hate speech and counter speech
      • Hate speech
      • Counter speech
    • Memes
    • Methodology
      • Data
      • Analysis
    • Meta-communicative strategy of Positive Messaging: Islamic traditions
    • Meta-communicative strategy of Direct Rebuttal: Muslim women
      • Meta-communicative strategy of Empowerment: the media
    • Conclusion
    • References
  • 6. Memefication of antisemitism:Antisemitic content on TikTok—a multimodal ethnographic analysis
    • Mohamed Salhi and Yasmine Goldhorn
    • Abstract
    • Introduction
    • Encrypted, multilayered language
    • (Discriminatory) humour and hate speech
    • Memes and memetic vernacular: Meanings, functions, and ideological practices
    • Methodological considerations: Multimodal ethnographic analysis
      • Data collection: Online ethnography
      • Data analysis: Multimodal Discourse Analysis (MDA)
      • Findings: Memetic, humorous antisemitism on TikTok
    • Trends in TikTok’s antisemitic sphere
      • Essentialist representations of Jews, conspiracy theories, and calls for violence
      • Examples: Antisemitic memetic references and concealment
      • Romanticisation of Nazism
      • Example: Antisemitism and Nazi glorification
      • Trivialisation, relativisation, and denial of the Holocaust and calls for violence
      • Example: Calls for violence and Holocaust denial/celebration/relativisation
    • Functions of multimodal resources in antisemitic memes: Concealment, banalisation, and identification
      • Concealment and survival of censorship
      • Banalisation of hate and violence
      • Identity markers
    • Conclusion: Hate speech on social media
    • References
  • 7. Unveiling populist tactics on TikTok: A multimodal critical discursive psychology approach
    • Inari Sakki
    • Abstract
    • Introduction
    • Populist communication, multimodality and TikTok
    • Method
    • Multimodality as a tool of populist communication
    • Conclusion
    • References
  • 8. Pictured hate:A visual discourse analysis of derogatory memes on Telegram
    • Lisa Bogerts, Wyn Brodersen, Maik Fielitz, and Pablo Jost
    • Abstract
    • Introduction
    • Far-right (and) hate memes in digital communication
    • Methodology
    • Results
      • Quantitative analysis
      • The narrative composition of misogynistic memes
      • Elements, rhetoric, and style of hate memes
      • Measuring virality through regression analysis
    • Discussion
    • Conclusion
    • References
  • 9. Studying soft hate speech online: Synthesising approaches from multimodality research and argumentation theory
    • Dimitris Serafis and Janina Wildfeuer
    • Abstract
    • Introduction
    • A methodological synthesis
    • Discourse semantics
    • Social semiotics
    • The Argumentum Model of Topics (AMT)
    • Concluding remarks
    • References
  • 10. Analysing deepfakes:A discourse-semiotic approach
    • Marcus Scheiber
    • Abstract
    • Deepfakes within an image-centred culture
    • AI as the origin—AI as the solution?
    • Discourse-semiotic analysis framework
    • Not all pictorial actions are the same: Contesting deepfakes
    • Conclusion
    • References
  • Index
  • About the Team
  • This book need not end here…
    • Share
    • Donate
    • We invite you to connect with us on our socials!
    • Read more at the Open Book Publishers Blog
  • You may also be interested in:
  • Contents
    • Landmarks

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Images

Images in the EPUB, with their description
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A black-and-white antisemitic cartoon depicting a caricature of a Jewish man with exaggerated features, including a large nose, unkempt beard, yarmulke, and sinister grin while rubbing his hands together. N/A N/A N/A ch02.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Becker-0447]/2[Container025]/20/2[Container014]/2) N/A
An illustration pairing antisemitic and anti-Black caricatures, suggesting a world without Jews and Black people would be like a world without pests, reinforcing dehumanising stereotypes. N/A N/A N/A ch02.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Becker-0447]/2[Container025]/28/2[Container015]/2) N/A
A printed advertisement promoting a racist book titled 'The Biological Jew', featuring a stereotypical Jewish caricature with text describing Jews as parasites or scavengers. N/A N/A N/A ch02.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Becker-0447]/2[Container025]/34/2[Container016]/2) N/A
A collage of three panels: one showing hands carving a coin, another a medieval-style sketch of a Jewish figure in a hooded cloak, and the third a racist caricature labelled 'Hymie showing his real side'. N/A N/A N/A ch02.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Becker-0447]/2[Container025]/42/2[Container017]/2) N/A
A medieval sketch labelled 'A Jew of Colchester', depicting a figure in a hood with exaggerated facial features, serving as an example of early antisemitic imagery in historical records. N/A N/A N/A ch02.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Becker-0447]/2[Container025]/50/2[Container018]/2) N/A
A cartoon of a Jewish man with various body parts circled in colour, referencing antisemitic stereotypes with emphasis on physical traits like nose, hands, and beard. N/A N/A N/A ch02.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Becker-0447]/2[Container025]/56/2[Container019]/2) N/A
A 19th or early 20th-century painting of a Jewish man in profile with exaggerated features such as a hooked nose and long beard, perpetuating harmful stereotypes. N/A N/A N/A ch02.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Becker-0447]/2[Container025]/66/2[Container020]/2) N/A
An etching titled 'Shylock', representing the Jewish character from Shakespeare’s Merchant of Venice, illustrated with exaggerated and villainous traits common in antisemitic depictions. N/A N/A N/A ch02.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Becker-0447]/2[Container025]/70/2[Container021]/2) N/A
A close-up of a religious painting showing Judas Iscariot betraying Jesus, with Judas depicted using exaggerated, stereotypically Jewish features. N/A N/A N/A ch02.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Becker-0447]/2[Container025]/80/2[Container022]/2) N/A
A grid of antisemitic caricatures suggesting Jewish control of various global sectors like media, finance, and law, with each figure bearing stereotypical traits and captions reinforcing conspiracy theories. N/A N/A N/A ch02.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Becker-0447]/2[Container025]/96/2[Container023]/2) N/A
A vintage antisemitic illustration of an elderly man with exaggerated features labelled 'Rothschild', clutching a globe. A crown symbolising power rests on his head with references to Israel. N/A N/A N/A ch02.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Becker-0447]/2[Container025]/102/2[Container024]/2) N/A
Emoji of 'Jolly Roger' pirate flag N/A N/A N/A ch03.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Becker-0447]/2[Container040]/16/38/2) N/A
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A cartoon featuring an octopus with a human-like face and a Star of David, with its tentacles wrapped around the globe and dripping black ink, symbolising harmful global influence. N/A N/A N/A ch03.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Becker-0447]/2[Container040]/56/2[Container028]/2) N/A
A cartoon featuring an octopus with a human-like face and a Star of David as its tentacles. N/A N/A N/A ch03.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Becker-0447]/2[Container040]/64/2[Container029]/2) N/A
A digital illustration of a Grim Reaper figure cloaked in black, with a Star of David on its back, holding a scythe dripping with blood. The word 'Gaza' appears in the background, suggesting a critical commentary on violence in Gaza. N/A N/A N/A ch03.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Becker-0447]/2[Container040]/70/2[Container030]/2) N/A
Emoji of 'Jolly Roger' pirate flag N/A N/A N/A ch03.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Becker-0447]/2[Container040]/78/36/2) N/A
A screenshot of a Telegram chat featuring antisemitic caricatures, slurs, and references to white supremacist groups. The conversation includes offensive memes and derogatory messages. N/A N/A N/A ch03.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Becker-0447]/2[Container040]/82/2[Container031]/2) N/A
A cartoon titled 'Keep on Hoaxin’' featuring antisemitic stereotypes and Holocaust denial imagery. A caricatured Jewish figure tramples a person labelled 'But I stood with Israel' while carrying money and symbols of power. N/A N/A N/A ch03.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Becker-0447]/2[Container040]/88/2[Container032]/2) N/A
Emoji of 'Jolly Roger' pirate flag N/A N/A N/A ch03.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Becker-0447]/2[Container040]/92/2/2) N/A
Emoji of 'Jolly Roger' pirate flag N/A N/A N/A ch03.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Becker-0447]/2[Container040]/94/4/2) N/A
Emoji of 'Jolly Roger' pirate flag N/A N/A N/A ch03.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Becker-0447]/2[Container040]/94/32/2) N/A
A cartoon depicting a grotesque octopus-like creature with a stereotypically antisemitic face and a Star of David on its head, wrapping its tentacles around a mosque, symbolising domination or control. N/A N/A N/A ch03.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Becker-0447]/2[Container040]/96/2[Container033]/2) N/A
Emoji of 'Jolly Roger' pirate flag N/A N/A N/A ch03.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Becker-0447]/2[Container040]/98/6/2) N/A
Emoji of 'Jolly Roger' pirate flag N/A N/A N/A ch03.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Becker-0447]/2[Container040]/100/14/2) N/A
A professional photo of an interracial couple embracing lovingly against a dark background, featuring a Black man and a White woman in formal attire. N/A N/A N/A ch03.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Becker-0447]/2[Container040]/102[table004]/4/2/2/2/2) N/A
A collage of images including antisemitic memes, offensive caricatures, and racist tropes, such as exaggerated Jewish features and stereotypes. The image also includes a photo of an interracial couple. N/A N/A N/A ch03.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Becker-0447]/2[Container040]/102[table004]/4/2/4/2/2) N/A
A surreal and symbolic image featuring a snake wrapped around a tree branch, coiled protectively around a red apple, referencing the Biblical story of Adam and Eve. N/A N/A N/A ch03.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Becker-0447]/2[Container040]/106/2[Container036]/2) N/A
A digitally altered image of an angry-looking plush octopus toy, captioned with the text 'Jews did it!', conveying antisemitic rhetoric. N/A N/A N/A ch03.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Becker-0447]/2[Container040]/110/2[Container037]/2) N/A
A screenshot from a social media post featuring a snake coiled around an apple hanging from a tree, accompanied by the caption 'Only people of culture can see it', suggesting a coded or hidden meaning. N/A N/A N/A ch03.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Becker-0447]/2[Container040]/128[table005]/4/2/2/2/2) N/A
An artistic image showing a woman in a starry, cosmic veil holding a cross, gazing at swirling galaxies in the shape of Christian symbols, with a caption about loving Christian imagery. N/A N/A N/A ch03.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Becker-0447]/2[Container040]/128[table005]/4/2/4/2/2) N/A
Emoji of 'Jolly Roger' pirate flag N/A N/A N/A ch03.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Becker-0447]/2[Container040]/192/2/2) N/A
Emoji of 'Jolly Roger' pirate flag N/A N/A N/A ch03.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Becker-0447]/2[Container040]/200/2/8[footnote-046]/2/4/2) N/A
Emoji of 'Jolly Roger' pirate flag N/A N/A N/A ch03.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Becker-0447]/2[Container040]/200/2/18[footnote-041]/2/4/2) N/A
Emoji of 'Jolly Roger' pirate flag N/A N/A N/A ch03.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Becker-0447]/2[Container040]/200/2/28[footnote-036]/2/4/2) N/A
Emoji of 'Jolly Roger' pirate flag N/A N/A N/A ch03.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Becker-0447]/2[Container040]/200/2/30[footnote-035]/2/8/2) N/A
A political cartoon comparing two leadership styles: one labelled 'BOSS' shows a man sitting on a platform being pulled by workers, and the other labelled 'LEADER' shows the leader pulling alongside his team. Faces and logos added represent specific political figures and parties. N/A N/A N/A ch04.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Becker-0447]/2[Container045]/44/2[Container042]/2) N/A
A table illustrating the evolution of a political meme over time, showing how the original image has been altered to include different political figures and symbols across various years. N/A N/A N/A ch04.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Becker-0447]/2[Container045]/56/2[Container043]/2) N/A
A comic-style image sequence depicting a figure throwing away a blue character with a police emblem into a bin, then retrieving a green upward arrow symbol from the bin, implying political or ideological preference. N/A N/A N/A ch04.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Becker-0447]/2[Container045]/80/2[Container044]/2) N/A
A humorous prom photo with a caption suggesting the person in the front, who is wearing a hijab and doing a peace sign, is dateless due to being Muslim, framed in a light-hearted, self-deprecating tone. N/A N/A N/A ch05.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Becker-0447]/2[Container054]/106[table007]/4/2/2/2/2) N/A
An image of a character from The Hunger Games with his hand raised. The caption reads 'Ramadan Kareem – Let the Hunger Games begin', using a play on words to offensively reference fasting during Ramadan. N/A N/A N/A ch05.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Becker-0447]/2[Container054]/106[table007]/4/2/4/2/2) N/A
A digital illustration showing a group of men in traditional Middle Eastern attire praying on a rooftop with minarets in the background. The text overlay reads 'I DIDN'T CHOOSE THE RUG LIFE, RUG LIFE CHOSE ME', playing on the phrase 'thug life' with a pun on prayer rugs. N/A N/A N/A ch05.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Becker-0447]/2[Container054]/110[table008]/4/2/2/2/2) N/A
A meme featuring a split image: on the left, a woman is angrily pointing while another looks on; on the right, a white cat wearing a keffiyeh sits at a table. The text reads 'You said yes!!' and 'I said Inshallah.' N/A N/A N/A ch05.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Becker-0447]/2[Container054]/110[table008]/4/2/4/2/2) N/A
A meme of a woman in a black headscarf and sunglasses, lifting her hijab hood, with the caption 'FORGOT TO BE OPPRESSED – TOO BUSY BEING AWESOME.' N/A N/A N/A ch05.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Becker-0447]/2[Container054]/120[table009]/4/2/2/2/2) N/A
A meme showing a smiling woman in a colourful headscarf with the caption 'LMHO – LAUGHING MY HIJAB OFF.' N/A N/A N/A ch05.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Becker-0447]/2[Container054]/120[table009]/4/2/4/2/2) N/A
A meme of a man at a laptop with the caption 'I READ AN ANTI-MUSLIM MEME – I'M AN EXPERT ON ISLAM NOW!' highlighting satirical commentary on online misinformation. N/A N/A N/A ch05.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Becker-0447]/2[Container054]/130/2[Container053]/2) N/A
A screenshot of a social media comment thread with multiple users repetitively commenting 'Well.' on different dates, possibly indicating a humorous or sarcastic trend. N/A N/A N/A ch06.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Becker-0447]/2[Container076]/108/2[Container056]/2) N/A
A disturbing and antisemitic comment thread containing slurs and conspiracy theories, with multiple users referencing harmful Jewish stereotypes using coded language. N/A N/A N/A ch06.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Becker-0447]/2[Container076]/116/2[Container057]/2) N/A
A single antisemitic comment with emojis and a sarcastic tone, perpetuating negative stereotypes against Jewish people. N/A N/A N/A ch06.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Becker-0447]/2[Container076]/122/2[Container058]/2) N/A
An image of the Israeli flag with the offensive and nonsensical phrase 'Jew hamburger' written above it, intended to mock or demean. N/A N/A N/A ch06.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Becker-0447]/2[Container076]/128[table011]/4/2/2/2/2) N/A
A photo of a burger composed entirely of stacks of money as the filling, placed between two bun halves, suggesting a satirical take on wealth or materialism. N/A N/A N/A ch06.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Becker-0447]/2[Container076]/128[table011]/4/2/4/2/2) N/A
A screenshot of social media comments written in multiple languages, including English, Greek, and Spanish, showcasing various user interactions. N/A N/A N/A ch06.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Becker-0447]/2[Container076]/132[table012]/4/2/2/2/2) N/A
TikTok comment section displaying multilingual comments in Arabic, Russian, and Italian. Users are tagging others or repeating phrases, contributing to general engagement. N/A N/A N/A ch06.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Becker-0447]/2[Container076]/132[table012]/4/2/4/2/2) N/A
Two-panel meme using an image from the film 'They Live' where the character puts on sunglasses to reveal a stereotypically antisemitic cartoon, implying a conspiracy theory. N/A N/A N/A ch06.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Becker-0447]/2[Container076]/136[table013]/4/2/2/2/2) N/A
Pyramid diagram titled 'What’s destroying America?' showing conspiracy theories with antisemitic, anti-Masonic, and other extremist ideological references in a hierarchical structure. N/A N/A N/A ch06.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Becker-0447]/2[Container076]/136[table013]/4/2/4/2/2) N/A
Emoji of saluting face N/A N/A N/A ch06.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Becker-0447]/2[Container076]/142/12/2) N/A
Black and white photo of Nazi propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels sitting and smiling, overlaid with the caption 'Me having a good day', indicating glorification of Nazi figures. N/A N/A N/A ch06.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Becker-0447]/2[Container076]/156[table015]/4/2/2/2/2) N/A
Black and white photo of Nazi official Joseph Goebbels with others, overlaid with antisemitic text 'coin eating, big nose people', perpetuating offensive Jewish stereotypes. N/A N/A N/A ch06.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Becker-0447]/2[Container076]/156[table015]/4/2/4/2/2) N/A
Screenshot of a TikTok user profile named 'belgian_nationalist._' with nationalistic and political hashtags such as #nationalist, #saveeurope, and #jewishandproud, accompanied by emojis. The user has an image of a person in front of a stylised Belgian flag. N/A N/A N/A ch06.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Becker-0447]/2[Container076]/160/2[Container068]/2) N/A
TikTok comment section showing several user comments using emojis and symbols often associated with far-right or nationalist communities, including lightning bolts and religious symbols. N/A N/A N/A ch06.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Becker-0447]/2[Container076]/166[table016]/4/2/2/2/2) N/A
Pixel art-style social media comment with a printer icon, black-and-white square pattern, and '9-24' at the bottom. N/A N/A N/A ch06.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Becker-0447]/2[Container076]/166[table016]/4/2/4/2/2) N/A
TikTok watermark image showing a Nazi official with superimposed meme-style text, part of a series of images depicting glorification of Nazi ideologies or antisemitic tropes. TikTok comment from a user named 'user14882711161' stating a slur disguised as a typo followed by lightning bolt emojis, often associated with neo-Nazi symbolism. N/A N/A N/A ch06.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Becker-0447]/2[Container076]/188/2[Container071]/2) N/A
Meme image using characters from the video game Grand Theft Auto V, showing Franklin and Michael discussing financial stress. The background is a map from the game, used as humorous commentary. N/A N/A N/A ch06.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Becker-0447]/2[Container076]/196[table018]/4/2/2/2/2) N/A
Another antisemitic comment in a gaming context, sarcastically questioning how six million kills are possible with only 271k players, referencing and mocking Holocaust statistics. N/A N/A N/A ch06.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Becker-0447]/2[Container076]/196[table018]/4/2/4/2/2) N/A
Screenshot of an antisemitic online comment referencing Holocaust denial by sarcastically comparing a player's in-game deaths to six million, implying the Holocaust numbers are exaggerated. N/A N/A N/A ch06.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Becker-0447]/2[Container076]/200/2[Container074]/2) N/A
Screenshot of an antisemitic online comment referencing Holocaust denial by sarcastically comparing a player's in-game deaths to six million, implying the Holocaust numbers are exaggerated. N/A N/A N/A ch06.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Becker-0447]/2[Container076]/202/2[Container075]/2) N/A
A still image from a TikTok video showing a Finnish parliamentary scene. A female speaker is highlighted with a glowing halo effect. The Finnish text reads 'Maataloudessa on hätä' (Agriculture is in crisis) and 'Mutta ilmastotavoitteet eivät jousta' (But climate targets will not bend), indicating a political critique on rigid climate policies despite agricultural distress. N/A N/A N/A ch07.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Becker-0447]/2[Container080]/52/2[Container078]/2) N/A
A Finnish political campaign poster featuring Riikka Purra has been digitally altered with a Snapchat-like filter that adds exaggerated eyelashes, blue cartoon eyes, and red lips. The poster shows her name, party affiliation with 'PerusS' logo, and candidate number 338. Finnish text reads 'Meitä ei pysäytetä', translating to 'We cannot be stopped'. The poster appears worn and scratched. N/A N/A N/A ch07.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Becker-0447]/2[Container080]/64/2[Container079]/2) N/A
A vertical infographic shaped like a funnel illustrates the image filtering and selection process from over 8.5 million monitored images down to 2,158 memes focusing on group-focused enmity. The process includes filtering by time period, sampling by ideology, AI clustering and deduplication, followed by further sampling and filtering to exclude certain ideologies. N/A N/A N/A ch08.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Becker-0447]/2[Container092]/44/2[Container082]/2) N/A
Bar chart displaying the number of memes classified under three broad ideological categories: 'Others', 'Conspirationism', and 'Right-wing extremism'. Each category is further broken down by specific subgroups like QAnon, Far Right, Populist Right, and others. Right-wing extremism has the largest number of memes. N/A N/A N/A ch08.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Becker-0447]/2[Container092]/70/2[Container083]/2) N/A
Bar chart showing the percentage distribution of meme content based on targeted hostility. Categories include misogyny (31%), LGBTQ hostility (28%), racism (28%), antisemitism (18%), and hostility towards Muslims (6%). N/A N/A N/A ch08.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Becker-0447]/2[Container092]/78/2[Container084]/2) N/A
A donut chart categorising misogynistic content in memes into various themes such as gender stereotype, sexual objects, anti-feminism, trivialisation of sexual violence, denial of self-determination, and more. The largest segment is 'Gender stereotype' at 21%. N/A N/A N/A ch08.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Becker-0447]/2[Container092]/86/2[Container085]/2) N/A
Highly offensive image showing a woman’s body in a trash area with German text suggesting that the body still looks good, implying sexual objectification even in death. The image is meant to shock and degrade. N/A N/A N/A ch08.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Becker-0447]/2[Container092]/92/2[Container086]/2) N/A
Image of a woman peeking nervously through a slightly open door, accompanied by a German caption that translates to a humorous excuse about paying the electricity bill before the gas bill. N/A N/A N/A ch08.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Becker-0447]/2[Container092]/94/2[Container087]/2) N/A
Juxtaposed image showing two women caught in the wind: on the left, a casually dressed woman with her dress blown up; on the right, the iconic Marilyn Monroe pose with her white dress lifted by air, with a caption in German expressing hope for calm weather. N/A N/A N/A ch08.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Becker-0447]/2[Container092]/96/2[Container088]/2) N/A
Bar chart comparing the proportions of rhetorical strategies across five types of hate speech: racism, hostility towards Muslims, LGBTQ hostility, misogyny, and antisemitism, with humour being the most prevalent strategy overall. N/A N/A N/A ch08.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Becker-0447]/2[Container092]/116/2[Container089]/2) N/A
Digitally altered image of a man in a suit with an alien-like face painted in red and blue tones, set against a red background with the bold words 'OBEY CONSUME RESET' conveying a dystopian or conspiratorial message. N/A N/A N/A ch08.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Becker-0447]/2[Container092]/124/2[Container090]/2) N/A
Dot plot chart displaying confidence intervals for various types of hate speech, with variables such as antisemitism, misogyny, and racism, showing statistical ranges for their association with hate memes. N/A N/A N/A ch08.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Becker-0447]/2[Container092]/136/2[Container091]/2) N/A
News article screenshot in Greek reporting on a refugee influx in the Eastern Aegean, showing a large group of people sitting outdoors with cardboard sheets used as sunshades during a protest about toilet shortages. N/A N/A N/A ch09.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Becker-0447]/2[Container098]/32/2[Container094]/2) N/A
Diagram using structured text boxes to represent different narrative elements from a news event, including refugee inflow, waiting, and road blockage in Kara-Tepe, with arrows linking the events in a sequential manner. N/A N/A N/A ch09.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Becker-0447]/2[Container098]/44/2[Container095]/2) N/A
Diagram showing the general structure of argumentative reasoning, divided into material-contextual and procedural-inferential components, using labelled boxes for elements like 'Datum', 'Maxim', and 'Final conclusion'. N/A N/A N/A ch09.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Becker-0447]/2[Container098]/68/2[Container096]/2) N/A
Filled-out argumentation diagram illustrating anti-migration rhetoric in Greece, where premises about national threat and emergency lead to the final conclusion that migrants must be stopped, with both contextual and inferential components clearly labelled. N/A N/A N/A ch09.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Becker-0447]/2[Container098]/78/2[Container097]/2) N/A
A digitally altered and emotionally evocative image showing a young boy with a raised hand standing beside an unconscious or deceased woman amidst rubble. The tweet above it includes hashtags like #FreePalestine and #StopGazaGenocide, expressing solidarity with Palestine. N/A N/A N/A ch10.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Becker-0447]/2[Container102]/58/2[Container100]/2) N/A
An antisemitic meme depicting a drawing of a Jewish man with heavily stereotyped facial features disguised as two large rats rummaging through a blue plastic bin filled with rubbish. One rat is gripping the edge of the bin, while the other holds a small white plastic bag in its front paws. The bin contains various waste items, including a white plastic bag and pieces of cardboard. The scene appears to be in a dimly lit alleyway or indoor refuse area. N/A N/A N/A ch10.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Becker-0447]/2[Container102]/82/2[Container101]/2) N/A
Bluesky logo N/A N/A N/A donate.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Becker-0447]/2[social]/16/4/4/2/2/2/2) N/A
Mastodon logo N/A N/A N/A donate.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Becker-0447]/2[social]/16/4/4/2/4/2/2) N/A
LinkedIn logo N/A N/A N/A donate.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Becker-0447]/2[social]/16/4/4/2/6/2/2) N/A
Featured book cover N/A N/A N/A further-reading.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Becker-0447]/2[Container117]/4/4/2[Container112]/2) N/A
Featured book cover N/A N/A N/A further-reading.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Becker-0447]/2[Container117]/6/4/2[Container114]/2) N/A
Featured book cover N/A N/A N/A further-reading.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Becker-0447]/2[Container117]/8/4/2[Container116]/2) N/A
Back cover of Imagery of Hate Online N/A N/A N/A back-cover.xhtml#epubcfi(/4/2/2) N/A

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