EPUB Accessibility Report

TOC Outline

1. Cover
2. Title page
3. Copyright
4. Contents
5. Advisory Board
6. About the authors
7. Acknowledgements
8. 1. About this book
   1. The Conservation Evidence project
   2. The purpose of Conservation Evidence synopses
   3. Who this synopsis is for
   4. Background
   5. Scope of the Coral Conservation synopsis
      1. Review subject
   6. Methods
      1. Literature searches
      2. Publication screening and inclusion criteria
      3. Study quality assessment & critical appraisal
      4. Data extraction
      5. Evidence synthesis
      6. Dissemination/communication of evidence synthesis
   7. References
9. 2. Threat: Residential and commercial development
   1. 2.1 Prohibit or limit residential or commercial development on coasts
   2. 2.2 Prohibit or limit landfilling of reef flats for land reclamation
10. 3. Threat: Aquaculture & agriculture
11. 4. Threat: Energy production and mining
    1. Oil and gas drilling
    2. 4.1 Prohibit or limit oil and gas drilling near coral reefs
    3. 4.2 Prohibit or limit the deposition or disposal of drill cuttings near coral reefs
    4. 4.3 Use water-based drilling fluids and recycle or repurpose drilling fluids
    5. 4.4 Contain sediment during drilling
    6. 4.5 Prohibit or limit or modify rock dumping
    7. 4.6 Remove pipelines, stabilization material and infrastructure following decommissioning
    8. 4.7 Leave pipelines, stabilization material and infrastructure in place following decommissioning
    9. Mining and quarrying
    10. 4.8 Prohibit or limit or modify aggregate extraction
12. 5. Threat: Transportation and service corridors
    1. Shipping
    2. 5.1 Limit, cease, prohibit, or divert shipping
    3. 5.2 Limit, cease, or prohibit anchoring, from ships/boats/vessels or change anchoring method
    4. 5.3 Provide fixed moorings to reduce anchoring
    5. Roads and railroads
    6. 5.4 Limit development of major roads on coasts near coral reefs
    7. Utility and service lines
    8. 5.5 Prohibit or limit new utility or service lines near coral reefs
    9. 5.6 Remove utility and service lines after decommissioning
    10. 5.7 Leave utility and service lines in place after decommissioning
13. 6. Threat: Biological resource use
    1. 6.1 Limit, cease or prohibit all types of fishing (outside protected areas)
    2. 6.2 Limit, cease or prohibit commercial fishing (outside protected areas)
    3. 6.3 Limit, cease or prohibit some types of fishing and collection (outside protected areas; including where restrictions are unspecified)
    4. 6.4 Limit, cease or prohibit commercial harvesting and/or sale of coral (outside protected areas)
    5. 6.5 Limit, cease or prohibit use of coral rock or live coral for building roads or infrastructure
14. 7. Threat: Human intrusions and disturbances
    1. Recreational activities
    2. 7.1 Prohibit or limit or modify access to coral reefs for any recreational purposes
    3. 7.2 Create alternative locations for recreational activities
    4. War, civil unrest and military activities
    5. 7.3 Prohibit testing of weapons (including explosive, chemical, nuclear) and military exercises (including ‘live’ firing) near coral reefs
15. 8. Invasive alien and other problematic species
    1. General
    2. 8.1 Control spread of non-native/invasive/problematic invertebrates using biological, chemical and/or mechanical methods
    3. 8.2 Control spread of non-native/invasive/problematic plants/algae using biological, chemical and/or mechanical methods
    4. 8.3 Control spread of disease using biological, chemical and/or mechanical methods
    5. Aquaculture
    6. 8.4 Control spread of non-native/invasive/problematic species in aquaculture
    7. Shipping, transportation, and anthropogenic structures
    8. 8.5 Control spread of non-native/invasive/problematic species and diseases via shipping, transportation, and anthropogenic structures
16. 9. Threat: Pollution
    1. General
    2. 9.1 Use chemicals or minerals to neutralize or remove pollutants
    3. Domestic and urban wastewater
    4. 9.2 Reduce pollution from domestic and urban wastewater
    5. 9.3 Use biological, chemical or mechanical methods to manage excess pollution from domestic and urban wastewater
    6. Industrial and military activities
    7. 9.4 Reduce pollution from industrial and military activities
    8. 9.5 Remove or clean-up oil pollution following a spill
    9. Aquaculture effluents
    10. 9.6 Reduce pollution from aquaculture effluents
    11. 9.7 Use biological, chemical or mechanical methods to manage excess pollution from aquaculture effluents
    12. Agriculture and forestry effluents
    13. 9.8 Reduce pollution from agriculture and forestry effluents
    14. 9.9 Use biological, chemical or mechanical methods to manage excess pollution from agriculture and forestry effluents
    15. Garbage and solid waste
    16. 9.10 Prevent garbage and solid waste from reaching the marine environment
    17. 9.11 Remove garbage and solid waste from the marine environment
    18. 9.12 Change to fishing gear made from biodegradable materials
    19. Excess energy: light and noise pollution
    20. 9.13 Prohibit or reduce light pollution near coral reefs
    21. 9.14 Prohibit or reduce noise pollution near coral reefs
    22. Excess energy: thermal pollution
    23. 9.15 Limit, cease or prohibit pollution caused by excess thermal energy
    24. Other pollution
    25. 9.16 Reduce pollution from toxic antifouling coatings
17. 10. Threat: Climate change and severe weather
18. 11. Habitat protection
    1. 11.1 Designate a Marine Protected Area and prohibit all types of fishing, collecting and access
    2. 11.2 Designate a Marine Protected Area and prohibit all types of fishing and collection
    3. 11.3 Designate a Marine Protected Area and prohibit all types of fishing
    4. 11.4 Designate a Marine Protected Area and prohibit all types of collection
    5. 11.5 Designate a Marine Protected Area and prohibit some fishing and collection (including where restrictions are unspecified)
    6. 11.6 Designate a Marine Protected Area and prohibit/limit recreational activities (including anchoring)
    7. 11.7 Designate a Marine Protected Area without setting management measures, usage restrictions, or enforcement
    8. 11.8 Establish community-based coral reef management
    9. 11.9 Establish private coral reef management
    10. 11.10 Enforce protected area restrictions and regulations
    11. 11.11 Identify/designate high biodiversity areas
19. 12. Habitat restoration and creation
    1. Natural habitat restoration/creation
    2. 12.1 Use natural materials to restore/repair/create habitat for corals to encourage natural coral settlement
    3. 12.2 Stabilize damaged or broken coral reef substrate or remove unconsolidated rubble
    4. Artificial habitat creation
    5. 12.3 Use structures made from unnatural materials to restore/repair /create habitat for corals to encourage natural coral settlement
    6. 12.4 Use settlement tiles made from unnatural materials to encourage natural coral settlement
    7. 12.5. Repurpose obsolete offshore structures to act as structures for restoring coral reefs
    8. 12.6 Modify existing man-made structures to encourage natural coral settlement
20. 13. Species management
    1. Cultivate coral
    2. 13.1. Cultivate coral fragments in an artificial nursery located in a natural habitat
    3. 13.2 Cultivate coral larvae in an artificial nursery located in a natural habitat
    4. 13.3. Cultivate corals in an ex-situ nursery
    5. Transplant coral
    6. 13.4. Transplant nursery-grown coral onto natural substrate
    7. 13.5 Transplant nursery-grown coral fragments onto artificial substrate
    8. 13.6. Transplant wild-grown coral onto natural substrate
    9. 13.7. Transplant wild-grown coral onto artificial substrate
    10. 13.8. Change transplant attachment method
    11. 13.9. Remove problematic species
    12. Other species management
    13. 13.10. Introduce larvae directly onto natural or artificial reefs to encourage settlement
    14. 13.11 Play reef ‘soundscapes’ to enhance settlement of coral larvae
    15. 13.12 Use electrical current to stimulate coral growth
21. 14. Education and awareness
22. References
23. Appendix 1: English language journals (and years) searched
24. Appendix 2: Non-English language journals (and years) searched
25. Appendix 3: Reports (and years) searched
26. Appendix 4: Literature reviewed for the Coral Conservation Synopsis
27. Index
28. About the team
29. This book need not end here…
30. You may also be interested in:
31. Back cover

Headings Outline

• Contents
• Advisory Board
• About the authors
• Acknowledgements
• 1. About this book
  • The Conservation Evidence project
  • The purpose of Conservation Evidence synopses
  • Who this synopsis is for
  • Background
  • Scope of the Coral Conservation synopsis
    • Review subject
  • Methods
    • Literature searches
    • Publication screening and inclusion criteria
    • Study quality assessment & critical appraisal
    • Data extraction
    • Evidence synthesis
    • Dissemination/communication of evidence synthesis
  • References
• 2. Threat: Residential and commercial development
  • 2.1 Prohibit or limit residential or commercial development on coasts
  • 2.2 Prohibit or limit landfilling of reef flats for land reclamation
• 3. Threat: Aquaculture & agriculture
• 4. Threat: Energy production and mining
  • Oil and gas drilling
  • 4.1 Prohibit or limit oil and gas drilling near coral reefs
  • 4.2 Prohibit or limit the deposition or disposal of drill cuttings near coral reefs
  • 4.3 Use water-based drilling fluids and recycle or repurpose drilling fluids
  • 4.4 Contain sediment during drilling
  • 4.5 Prohibit or limit or modify rock dumping
  • 4.6 Remove pipelines, stabilization material and infrastructure following decommissioning
  • 4.7 Leave pipelines, stabilization material and infrastructure in place following decommissioning
  • Mining and quarrying
  • 4.8 Prohibit or limit or modify aggregate extraction
• 5. Threat: Transportation and service corridors
  • Shipping
  • 5.1 Limit, cease, prohibit, or divert shipping
  • 5.2 Limit, cease, or prohibit anchoring, from ships/boats/vessels or change anchoring method
  • 5.3 Provide fixed moorings to reduce anchoring
  • Roads and railroads
  • 5.4 Limit development of major roads on coasts near coral reefs
  • Utility and service lines
  • 5.5 Prohibit or limit new utility or service lines near coral reefs
  • 5.6 Remove utility and service lines after decommissioning
  • 5.7 Leave utility and service lines in place after decommissioning
• 6. Threat: Biological resource use
  • 6.1 Limit, cease or prohibit all types of fishing (outside protected areas)
  • 6.2 Limit, cease or prohibit commercial fishing (outside protected areas)
  • 6.3 Limit, cease or prohibit some types of fishing and collection (outside protected areas; including where restrictions are unspecified)
  • 6.4 Limit, cease or prohibit commercial harvesting and/or sale of coral (outside protected areas)
  • 6.5 Limit, cease or prohibit use of coral rock or live coral for building roads or infrastructure
• 7. Threat: Human intrusions and disturbances
  • Recreational activities
  • 7.1 Prohibit or limit or modify access to coral reefs for any recreational purposes
  • 7.2 Create alternative locations for recreational activities
  • War, civil unrest and military activities
  • 7.3 Prohibit testing of weapons (including explosive, chemical, nuclear) and military exercises (including ‘live’ firing) near coral reefs
• 8. Invasive alien and other problematic species
  • General
  • 8.1 Control spread of non-native/invasive/problematic invertebrates using biological, chemical and/or mechanical methods
  • 8.2 Control spread of non-native/invasive/problematic plants/algae using biological, chemical and/or mechanical methods
  • 8.3 Control spread of disease using biological, chemical and/or mechanical methods
  • Aquaculture
  • 8.4 Control spread of non-native/invasive/problematic species in aquaculture
  • Shipping, transportation, and anthropogenic structures
  • 8.5 Control spread of non-native/invasive/problematic species and diseases via shipping, transportation, and anthropogenic structures
• 9. Threat: Pollution
  • General
  • 9.1 Use chemicals or minerals to neutralize or remove pollutants
  • Domestic and urban wastewater
  • 9.2 Reduce pollution from domestic and urban wastewater
  • 9.3 Use biological, chemical or mechanical methods to manage excess pollution from domestic and urban wastewater
  • Industrial and military activities
  • 9.4 Reduce pollution from industrial and military activities
  • 9.5 Remove or clean-up oil pollution following a spill
  • Aquaculture effluents
  • 9.6 Reduce pollution from aquaculture effluents
  • 9.7 Use biological, chemical or mechanical methods to manage excess pollution from aquaculture effluents
  • Agriculture and forestry effluents
  • 9.8 Reduce pollution from agriculture and forestry effluents
  • 9.9 Use biological, chemical or mechanical methods to manage excess pollution from agriculture and forestry effluents
  • Garbage and solid waste
  • 9.10 Prevent garbage and solid waste from reaching the marine environment
  • 9.11 Remove garbage and solid waste from the marine environment
  • 9.12 Change to fishing gear made from biodegradable materials
  • Excess energy: light and noise pollution
  • 9.13 Prohibit or reduce light pollution near coral reefs
  • 9.14 Prohibit or reduce noise pollution near coral reefs
  • Excess energy: thermal pollution
  • 9.15 Limit, cease or prohibit pollution caused by excess thermal energy
  • Other pollution
  • 9.16 Reduce pollution from toxic antifouling coatings
• 10. Threat: Climate change and severe weather
• 11. Habitat protection
  • 11.1 Designate a Marine Protected Area and prohibit all types of fishing, collecting and access
  • 11.2 Designate a Marine Protected Area and prohibit all types of fishing and collection
  • 11.3 Designate a Marine Protected Area and prohibit all types of fishing
  • 11.4 Designate a Marine Protected Area and prohibit all types of collection
  • 11.5 Designate a Marine Protected Area and prohibit some fishing and collection (including where restrictions are unspecified)
  • 11.6 Designate a Marine Protected Area and prohibit/limit recreational activities (including anchoring)
  • 11.7 Designate a Marine Protected Area without setting management measures, usage restrictions, or enforcement
  • 11.8 Establish community-based coral reef management
  • 11.9 Establish private coral reef management
  • 11.10 Enforce protected area restrictions and regulations
  • 11.11 Identify/designate high biodiversity areas
• 12. Habitat restoration and creation
  • Natural habitat restoration/creation
  • 12.1 Use natural materials to restore/repair/create habitat for corals to encourage natural coral settlement
  • 12.2 Stabilize damaged or broken coral reef substrate or remove unconsolidated rubble
  • Artificial habitat creation
  • 12.3 Use structures made from unnatural materials to restore/repair /create habitat for corals to encourage natural coral settlement
  • 12.4 Use settlement tiles made from unnatural materials to encourage natural coral settlement
  • 12.5. Repurpose obsolete offshore structures to act as structures for restoring coral reefs
  • 12.6 Modify existing man-made structures to encourage natural coral settlement
• 13. Species management
  • Cultivate coral
  • 13.1. Cultivate coral fragments in an artificial nursery located in a natural habitat
  • 13.2 Cultivate coral larvae in an artificial nursery located in a natural habitat
  • 13.3. Cultivate corals in an ex-situ nursery
  • Transplant coral
  • 13.4. Transplant nursery-grown coral onto natural substrate
  • 13.5 Transplant nursery-grown coral fragments onto artificial substrate
  • 13.6. Transplant wild-grown coral onto natural substrate
  • 13.7. Transplant wild-grown coral onto artificial substrate
  • 13.8. Change transplant attachment method
  • 13.9. Remove problematic species
  • Other species management
  • 13.10. Introduce larvae directly onto natural or artificial reefs to encourage settlement
  • 13.11 Play reef ‘soundscapes’ to enhance settlement of coral larvae
  • 13.12 Use electrical current to stimulate coral growth
• 14. Education and awareness
• References
• Appendix 1: English language journals (and years) searched
• Appendix 2: Non-English language journals (and years) searched
• Appendix 3: Reports (and years) searched
• Appendix 4: Literature reviewed for the Coral Conservation Synopsis
• Index
• Contents
  • Landmarks