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Violations

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Summary of violations

Violation count, by ruleset and severity.
	Critical	Serious	Moderate	Minor	Total
WCAG 2.0 A	0	0	0	0	0
WCAG 2.0 AA	0	0	0	0	0
WCAG 2.0 AAA	0	0	0	0	0
WCAG 2.1 A	0	0	0	0	0
WCAG 2.1 AA	0	0	0	0	0
WCAG 2.1 AAA	0	0	0	0	0
WCAG 2.2 A	0	0	0	0	0
WCAG 2.2 AA	0	0	0	0	0
WCAG 2.2 AAA	0	0	0	0	0
EPUB	0	0	0	0	0
Best Practice	0	0	0	0	0
Other	0	0	0	0	0
Total	0	0	0	0	0

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Violations in the EPUB, with references to severity, guidelines and specific location of problem.
Impact	Ruleset	Rule	Location	Details

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Metadata

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Publication metadata.
Name	Value
dc:title	Housing, Heritage and Urbanisation in the Middle East and North Africa
dc:creator	Lilia Makhloufi
dc:subject	Housing and Heritage;Urban Development;Sustainable Cities;Architecture and Society;Cultural Identity;Urban Planning
dc:description	This book explores the interconnection between housing, heritage and urbanisation. Bringing together architects, archaeologists, urban sociologists, urban designers, urban planners and landscape architects, this multi-authored and interdisciplinary volume presents diverse case studies from the Middle East and North Africa, shedding light on the past, present and future of residential spaces.    With its focus to traditional, modern and contemporary housing in Egypt, Iran, Morocco, Syria and Tunisia, Housing, Heritage and Urbanisation in the Middle East and North Africa explores the correlation between architecture, urban planning and society. The contributors critique the impact of rapid urbanisation and global architectural standardisation, which often goes beyond local identity. Instead, they advocate for a sustainable urban development rooted in community needs and cultural heritage.    Ultimately, this volume argues that successful urban planning must balance modernity with tradition, ensuring that housing reflects the lived experiences of its inhabitants. A crucial read for scholars and practitioners, it reaffirms that sustainable cities must be shaped by local needs, not just global trends.
dc:date	2025-05-28T11:48:44Z
dc:rights	©2025 Lilia Makhloufi. Copyright of individual chapters are maintained by the chapter author(s).  CC BY-NC-ND 4.0
dc:language	en-GB
dc:identifier	urn:uuid:fff9ad1f-30b3-4a80-aef4-0afdde4e9205 \| 978-1-80511-564-9
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Outlines

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TOC Outline

Cover
Title page
Copyright
Contents
Scientific and Review Committees
Notes on Contributors
List of Illustrations
List of Tables
Preface
Introduction
Housing and Local Heritage
Part I
1. Endangered Residential Vestiges of the Mamluk Period in the Old City of Damascus: The Case of the al-Aglani and al-Tawil Houses
2. The Past in the Present: Urban Heritage Destructionand Housing in Syria
Part II
3. Housing and Local Identity through the Prism of Urban Planning Policy in Morocco
4. Taking Ownership of Colonial Heritage in Casablanca
5. Postcolonial Marrakesh: Issues with the Conception and Reception of the Medina
Part III
6. Urban Identity in a Polarised Metropolis: Examining the Strengths and Weaknesses of Informal Settlements and Gated Communities in the Greater Cairo Area
7. Post-Relocation Socio-Economic Study of an Occupational Community in Egypt: Assessing the Social Effects of Relocating the Fishermen Community of El-Mex, Alexandria
Part IV
8. A Comparative Study of Residential Facades in Tehran and Iranian Architectural Principles: Challenges and Strategies
9. Envelope Impact on the Thermal Performance of a Contemporary Building in Downtown Tunis
Conclusion
Housing in the Global Contextof Urbanisation
Index
About the Team
This book need not end here…
You may also be interested in:
Back cover

Headings Outline

Contents
Scientific and Review Committees
- Scientific Coordinator and Chair of the Scientific and Review Committees
- Scientific Committee Members
- Review Committee Members
Notes on Contributors
List of Illustrations
List of Tables
Preface
Introduction
Housing and Local Heritage
1. Endangered Residential Vestiges of the Mamluk Period in the Old City of Damascus: The Case of the al-Aglani and al-Tawil Houses
- Introduction
- The al-Aglani House
  - History and Location
  - The Northern Facade and Portal
- The al-Tawil House
  - History and Location
  - The Iwan
- Conclusion
- Bibliography
2. The Past in the Present: Urban Heritage Destructionand Housing in Syria
- Introduction
- Urban Heritage Destruction
- Destruction of Syrian Urban Heritage
- Post-conflict Urban Heritage and Reconstruction Plans
- Observations on Reconstruction Cases from Aleppo and Homs
  - Old Aleppo
  - Old Homs
- Reconstruction of Destroyed Sites or Shattered Communities?
- Conclusion
- Bibliography
3. Housing and Local Identity through the Prism of Urban Planning Policy in Morocco
- Introduction
- Housing in Morocco: Between Cultural Conservation and Western Acculturation
  - Culturalist Expression (Henri Prost)
  - Progressive Expression (Michel Ecochard)
- The Economic Housing Subdivision: A HybridUrban Form
  - The Moroccan Modern House in Urban Planning Documents: A Hybrid Urban Form
  - Interior Redistribution of the Moroccan Modern House: The Necessity of a Central Space
  - Intimacy within Domestic Space: Bipartition between the Family Space and the Guest Space
- Conclusion
- Bibliography
4. Taking Ownership of Colonial Heritage in Casablanca
- Introduction
- The Historical Urban Background
- The Design Process: Modernism and International Resonance
- Residential Modifications: Alterations or Improvements?
  - Quest for Identity
- The Perception of Colonial Heritage
  - Evolving Perceptions, Identity and Context
- Conclusion
- Bibliography
5. Postcolonial Marrakesh: Issues with the Conception and Reception of the Medina
- Introduction
- Marrakesh and the Cultural Heritage Paradigm
- Postcolonial Marrakesh: Issues during Its Conception
- The Postcolonial Marrakesh Medina: Issues with Its Reception
- Conclusion
- Bibliography
6. Urban Identity in a Polarised Metropolis: Examining the Strengths and Weaknesses of Informal Settlements and Gated Communities in the Greater Cairo Area
- Introduction
- The Origins and Proliferation of Two Extremes
  - Informal Areas
  - Gated Communities
- Patterns, Forms and Fabrics
- Activity and Land-Use Patterns
  - Network Patterns and Hierarchies of Flow
  - Building Patterns and Character
  - Density Patterns
  - Construction Patterns
  - Open-Space Patterns
- Discussion and Conclusion
- Bibliography
7. Post-Relocation Socio-Economic Study of an Occupational Community in Egypt: Assessing the Social Effects of Relocating the Fishermen Community of El-Mex, Alexandria
- Introduction
- Literature Review
- Case Study
  - History and Background
    - The Fishermen Village
    - The Relocation
- Results
- Conclusion
- Bibliography
8. A Comparative Study of Residential Facades in Tehran and Iranian Architectural Principles: Challenges and Strategies
- Introduction
- Tehran’s Urban Landscape and Its Contemporary Challenges
- Facade Elements and Effective Design
- Traditional Iranian Architectural Principles and Their Application in Facade Design
  - 1. Human Scale
  - 2. Purposefulness
  - 3. Introversion
  - 4. Self-Sufficiency
  - 5. Structure
- Design Criteria and Facade Committee Operations
- Challenges Facing Facade Committees
- Comparative Study of Approved Facades and Their Alignment with Iranian Architectural Principles
- Conclusion
- Bibliography
9. Envelope Impact on the Thermal Performance of a Contemporary Building in Downtown Tunis
- Introduction
- Conceptualising Indoor Thermal Comfort
- Methodology
- Analytical Approach
  - Evaluation of Indoor Thermal Comfort through thePMV Index
  - Evaluation of Indoor Thermal Comfort through theSET Index
- Parametric Approach
- Results
- Conclusion
- Bibliography
Conclusion
Housing in the Global Contextof Urbanisation
Index
About the Team
This book need not end here…
- Share
- Donate
- We invite you to connect with us on our socials!
- Read more at the Open Book Publishers Blog
You may also be interested in:
Contents
- Landmarks

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Images

Images in the EPUB, with their description
`alt`	`aria-describedby`	`aria-details`	`figcaption`	Location	Role
Cover image featuring the housing and local heritage of the capital city of Algiers. The five-storey residential buildings and public spaces were built according to the topography of the site, as (or similar to) an amphitheatre overlooking the Mediterranean Sea. The image also captures the architectural style, which is similar to that widely used by baron Haussmann in Paris, distinctive for its height, symmetry, balconies, and construction materials. The white colour is a distinguishing feature of Alger la blanche [the white Algiers]. However, palm trees are unique to Victor Hugo Boulevard, where the picture was taken, as main streets were lined with trees better suited for shading pedestrians.	N/A	N/A	N/A	cover.xhtml#epubcfi(/4/2/2)	doc-cover
Open Book Publishers logo	N/A	N/A	N/A	title.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Makhloufi_0460-EPUB]/2[Container004]/6/2)	N/A
Creative Commons logo	N/A	N/A	N/A	copyright.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Makhloufi_0460-EPUB]/2[Container004]/6/2/2[CC-logo]/2)	N/A
Open Access logo	N/A	N/A	N/A	copyright.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Makhloufi_0460-EPUB]/2[Container004]/6/4/2[CP-logo]/2)	N/A
Arab-German Young Academy of Sciences and Humanities logo	N/A	N/A	N/A	funding-info.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Makhloufi_0460-EPUB]/2[Container009]/6/2/2[Container007]/2)	N/A
Sponsored by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research logo	N/A	N/A	N/A	funding-info.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Makhloufi_0460-EPUB]/2[Container009]/6/4/2[Container008]/2)	N/A
Cadastral map showing the location of the house on plot no. 976. The site is significant for its architectural remains—particularly those in the northern part of the qaʻa and the iwan—which likely date from the 15th or 16th century.	N/A	N/A	N/A	ch1.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Makhloufi_0460-EPUB]/2[Container025]/32/2[Container016]/2)	N/A
Ground floor plan relevant to this study. Two elements stand out: the exterior northern façade with a large portal opening onto the street, and the interior southern façade.	N/A	N/A	N/A	ch1.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Makhloufi_0460-EPUB]/2[Container025]/46/2[Container017]/2)	N/A
View of the northern façade, built atop reused Roman foundations. These are composed of uneven rubble stones approximately 0.70 meters in size—similar to those seen in the al-Aqqad house—and laid in irregular courses about 0.27 meters high. The foundations, made of basalt and limestone, rise to a height of around 1.60 meters.	N/A	N/A	N/A	ch1.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Makhloufi_0460-EPUB]/2[Container025]/60/2[Container018]/2)	N/A
A porch, ending in a trilobed arch, vertically divides the façade. Within this porch, recessed by 0.30 meters, is a large, slightly pointed arched portal. This portal contains a smaller door (huha) that allows entry without opening the entire door.	N/A	N/A	N/A	ch1.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Makhloufi_0460-EPUB]/2[Container025]/66/2[Container019]/2)	N/A
The fountain illustrates the house’s historical importance and raises questions about its function—whether it served solely the household or was accessible to the public. Watzinger and Wulzinger date the fountain to the Mamluk period in the 15th century.	N/A	N/A	N/A	ch1.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Makhloufi_0460-EPUB]/2[Container025]/72/2[Container020]/2)	N/A
Façade redesigned in the 18th and 19th centuries, except for a single door framed in an ablaq pattern. The better-preserved left section features five windows on the right side of a door, above which are two rectangular windows. These are separated from the upper section by two ornamental wave friezes. Above them, two pointed-arch windows flank a circular panel with geometric decoration.	N/A	N/A	N/A	ch1.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Makhloufi_0460-EPUB]/2[Container025]/78/2[Container021]/2)	N/A
The lower façade incorporates reused decorated stones, likely of Mamluk origin. Two rectangular windows with relieving arches (falling arch lintels) are also attributed to the Mamluk period.	N/A	N/A	N/A	ch1.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Makhloufi_0460-EPUB]/2[Container025]/82/2[Container022]/2)	N/A
Located in the heart of the Old City, east of the Great Umayyad Mosque, this house is registered under parcel no. 279-2 in al-Amarah al-Gawwaniyya. The north side faces the main street toward Nafura, while the south borders Dagstani Alley. The house has two covered entrances: one on the west façade, set back from Dagstani Alley, and another on the south façade. The house was subdivided into three independent residences. It consists of two floors, covering a total area of 310.04 square meters. The ground floor features an inner courtyard, an iwan, a kitchen, a small cellar, reception rooms (qaʻa), and utility spaces.	N/A	N/A	N/A	ch1.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Makhloufi_0460-EPUB]/2[Container025]/94/2[Container023]/2)	N/A
View of the main façade’s iwan, a three-walled rectangular chamber measuring 4.23 meters wide and 7.82 meters high. Built of alternating black and white stones, it is topped with a white limestone pediment and a cornice decorated with stylized geometric motifs.	N/A	N/A	N/A	ch1.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Makhloufi_0460-EPUB]/2[Container025]/118/2[Container024]/2)	N/A
Use of iron supports to consolidate fragile traditional structures. Although the ancient city remained intact during the Syrian conflict, it was included on the UNESCO list of endangered world heritage sites in 2013. The photo shows an ancient street where everyday life takes place amidst heritage buildings.	N/A	N/A	N/A	ch2.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Makhloufi_0460-EPUB]/2[Container030]/24/2[Container027]/2)	N/A
Modern buildings destroyed by war. Aleppo witnessed urban destruction on a massive scale that experts describe as unseen since World War II. Several reconstruction and rehabilitation projects have been launched in the city aiming to secure housing for displaced families.	N/A	N/A	N/A	ch2.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Makhloufi_0460-EPUB]/2[Container030]/62/2[Container028]/2)	N/A
Collapse of traditional Souq units amid rubble in the Ancient City of Aleppo. Any rehabilitation efforts in the city must align with its status as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, presenting a major challenge for local authorities.	N/A	N/A	N/A	ch2.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Makhloufi_0460-EPUB]/2[Container030]/66/2[Container029]/2)	N/A
A photograph of Bank Al-Maghrib, the central bank of Morocco, located on Avenue Mohammed V in Rabat. The building showcases an Arabisance style facade, including intricate arched doorways, and decorative carvings. The image captures the bank at dusk, with warm streetlights illuminating the exterior, and pedestrians walking by. A red Moroccan flag is visible on top of the building.	N/A	N/A	N/A	ch3.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Makhloufi_0460-EPUB]/2[Container036]/36/2[Container032]/2)	N/A
A modernist architectural design featured on the cover of L'Architecture d'Aujourd'hui. The image showcases a building with geometric forms, clean white surfaces, and recessed balconies accented with bold primary colours—red, blue, green, and yellow. The perspective emphasizes depth and repetition, reflecting the modern architectural style.	N/A	N/A	N/A	ch3.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Makhloufi_0460-EPUB]/2[Container036]/62/2[Container033]/2)	N/A
A two-level residential building with a plain white façade, featuring two black metal gates and a smaller black door at ground level, along with two rectangular windows on the upper floor. A small silver car is parked in front, and the building is positioned between adjacent houses with more decorative finishes.	N/A	N/A	N/A	ch3.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Makhloufi_0460-EPUB]/2[Container036]/96/2[Container034]/2)	N/A
A two-level residential building with a light beige façade, featuring two large white garage doors and a smaller entrance door at ground level. The upper floor includes two windows with sculpted framing, all closed with metal shutters. A white van is parked in front, and the house faces an open grassy area, with adjacent buildings on both sides.	N/A	N/A	N/A	ch3.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Makhloufi_0460-EPUB]/2[Container036]/100/2[Container035]/2)	N/A
The current state of a building in the Cité Horizontale of Hay Mohammadi. The image shows a portion of the building and the general exterior ambiance, including public space, trees, and cars.	N/A	N/A	N/A	ch4.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Makhloufi_0460-EPUB]/2[Container044]/24/2[Container038]/2)	N/A
The current state of the 5-storey Semiramis building, with its façade and large balcony.	N/A	N/A	N/A	ch4.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Makhloufi_0460-EPUB]/2[Container044]/28/2[Container039]/2)	N/A
The current state of the Nid d’abeilles building. The image shows the modernist façade design as well as contemporary users’ modifications.	N/A	N/A	N/A	ch4.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Makhloufi_0460-EPUB]/2[Container044]/32/2[Container040]/2)	N/A
The current state of two buildings in the Cité Verticale of Sidi Othmane. The view shows the façade and the general volumetric design of the building. The picture is taken from across the street and captures the general ambiance and public space outside the building.	N/A	N/A	N/A	ch4.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Makhloufi_0460-EPUB]/2[Container044]/38/2[Container041]/2)	N/A
The current state of a building in the Cité Horizontale. The image shows the social and spatial practices of the users, including the hanging of clothes in the building’s main entrance.	N/A	N/A	N/A	ch4.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Makhloufi_0460-EPUB]/2[Container044]/92/2[Container042]/2)	N/A
The current state of the Nid d’abeilles building, featuring a portion of the building’s exterior with contemporary users’ modifications like closed balconies.	N/A	N/A	N/A	ch4.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Makhloufi_0460-EPUB]/2[Container044]/98/2[Container043]/2)	N/A
The interior of the Arsat Moulay Abdesslam Garden. The image shows a portion of the landscape of the main garden entrance, with four trees surrounded by small ponds that reflect the trees and add freshness to the garden.	N/A	N/A	N/A	ch5.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Makhloufi_0460-EPUB]/2[Container048]/46/2[Container046]/2)	N/A
The main façade of the Royal Theatre of Marrakech, illustrating a self-orientalizing architectural style. The details of the openings and dome reflect architectural nostalgia for an idealised pre-colonial past, combined with elements such as horseshoe arches and colonial proportions.	N/A	N/A	N/A	ch5.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Makhloufi_0460-EPUB]/2[Container048]/68/2[Container047]/2)	N/A
A figure-ground diagram illustrating the street patterns of Al Rabwa Compound, a gated residential complex in Sheikh Zayed, Cairo. The diagram emphasizes the inward-oriented street layout, primarily composed of cul-de-sacs and dead-end roads. It illustrates how these circulation patterns create both physical and social barriers, isolating residents from the surrounding urban environment and the broader city.	N/A	N/A	N/A	ch6.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Makhloufi_0460-EPUB]/2[Container055]/62/2[Container050]/2)	N/A
A figure-ground diagram illustrating the street patterns of Imbaba, an informal settlement in Cairo. The diagram highlights the interconnected transportation networks and walkable neighborhoods, a result of the compactness of the built environment.	N/A	N/A	N/A	ch6.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Makhloufi_0460-EPUB]/2[Container055]/66/2[Container051]/2)	N/A
A diagram comparing the size and population density of Sheikh Zayed City and Manshiyat Nasser, both located in Cairo. The diagram shows that Sheikh Zayed City has a population density of 2,174 people per square kilometer, while the informal settlement of Manshiyat Nasser has a much higher density of 46,694 people per square kilometer.	N/A	N/A	N/A	ch6.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Makhloufi_0460-EPUB]/2[Container055]/82/2[Container052]/2)	N/A
A satellite image showing the limited open green space in Manshiyat Nasser, one of Cairo's largest informal settlements. The image depicts the scarcity of public and green areas, which are confined to small gaps between buildings, resulting in negligible green space per capita.	N/A	N/A	N/A	ch6.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Makhloufi_0460-EPUB]/2[Container055]/102/2[Container053]/2)	N/A
A satellite image showing the abundant open green space in Sheikh Zayed City, Cairo. The image highlights that green space per capita in gated communities is much higher compared to informal settlements, as illustrated in the previous diagram.	N/A	N/A	N/A	ch6.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Makhloufi_0460-EPUB]/2[Container055]/106/2[Container054]/2)	N/A
A map of El Mex in Alexandria, Egypt. El Mex is located south of the Mediterranean Sea, bordered by El Mex Street to the north, Wadi Al Kamar Street to the west, and International Coastal Road to the south.	N/A	N/A	N/A	ch7.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Makhloufi_0460-EPUB]/2[Container062]/56/2[Container057]/2)	N/A
A map of the Fishermen’s Village within El Mex. The Mahmudiyah Canal flows north into the Mediterranean Sea. The village consists of two narrow strips of land on either side of the canal.	N/A	N/A	N/A	ch7.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Makhloufi_0460-EPUB]/2[Container062]/62/2[Container058]/2)	N/A
A 2014 photograph taken from El Mex Bridge, facing the Fishermen’s Village. The Mediterranean Sea is behind the photographer. The village appears as two strips of land on the east and west banks of the Mahmudiyah Canal, with three rows of houses still standing on each side.	N/A	N/A	N/A	ch7.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Makhloufi_0460-EPUB]/2[Container062]/82/2[Container059]/2)	N/A
A photograph from early 2019, taken from El Mex Bridge on El Mex Street, facing the Fishermen’s Village with the Mediterranean Sea behind. The east bank (left) has been completely demolished, while the west bank remains intact.	N/A	N/A	N/A	ch7.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Makhloufi_0460-EPUB]/2[Container062]/102/2[Container060]/2)	N/A
A 2020 photograph taken from El Mex Bridge, facing the Fishermen’s Village with the Mediterranean Sea behind. Both the east and west banks of the village along the Mahmudiyah Canal have been completely demolished.	N/A	N/A	N/A	ch7.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Makhloufi_0460-EPUB]/2[Container062]/106/2[Container061]/2)	N/A
A map of the Iranian capital city of Tehran, which originally consisted of the main bazaar and four gates. In the early 20th century, its neighbourhoods multiplied and the city’s boundaries expanded beyond the four gates. Tehran developed in all directions, diminishing the centrality of the bazaar, and the city became a metropolis.	N/A	N/A	N/A	ch8.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Makhloufi_0460-EPUB]/2[Container082]/28/2[Container064]/2)	N/A
The urban landscape of Tehran, with its various high-rise buildings and the Alborz Mountains in the background. The city’s skyline is marked by architectural inconsistency—buildings of varying heights and materials—resulting in a lack of visual harmony and a disrupted skyline.	N/A	N/A	N/A	ch8.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Makhloufi_0460-EPUB]/2[Container082]/40/2[Container065]/2)	N/A
The historical city of Yazd has preserved its traditional visual identity. Its old neighborhoods reflect the principles of traditional Iranian architecture and urban planning. Adobe buildings of similar height are compactly arranged, creating a visually harmonious environment scaled to human proportions.	N/A	N/A	N/A	ch8.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Makhloufi_0460-EPUB]/2[Container082]/72/2[Container066]/2)	N/A
Stained glass is a common feature in many traditional and inward-facing Iranian houses. Beyond their decorative appeal, these colorful windows serve practical purposes: they deter insects and help control intense sunlight in Iran’s hot climates.	N/A	N/A	N/A	ch8.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Makhloufi_0460-EPUB]/2[Container082]/84/2[Container067]/2)	N/A
The Tabatabaei House in Kashan, now a museum, was built in the 19th century in Iran’s hot and arid central region. This introverted mansion is designed around a central courtyard, with rooms, wind catchers, and verandas facing inward. The courtyard functions as a self-contained ecosystem, featuring a large pond and orchards that help cool the space. The Tabatabei House, which has been turned into a museum today, was built in the 19th century in the city of Kashan, Isfahan province in Iran. This mansion, which is located in a hot and arid climate, is an introverted building with many rooms with wind catchers and verandas around a central courtyard. The central courtyard of this mansion, as a closed ecosystem, has a large water pond and some orchards and plays a role in the building's cooling.	N/A	N/A	N/A	ch8.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Makhloufi_0460-EPUB]/2[Container082]/96/2[Container068]/2)	N/A
The Kazemi House, one of the few remaining historic buildings in old Tehran, was also built in the 19th century and now serves as an anthropology museum. Like many traditional Iranian homes, it is inward-facing with a central courtyard. Unlike modern Tehran buildings made from diverse materials, the Kazemi House is constructed from brick—a local, affordable material well-suited to the region’s hot and dry climate.	N/A	N/A	N/A	ch8.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Makhloufi_0460-EPUB]/2[Container082]/108/2[Container069]/2)	N/A
The Boroujerdiha (Borojerdis) House, a 19th-century mansion in Kashan, Isfahan province, is a notable example of traditional Iranian architecture. Recognized by UNESCO in 2015 and 2016 as a top tourist destination, the house is renowned for its introverted layout, intricate ornamental features such as frescoes and stucco work, and the harmonious proportions and modular order of its façade.	N/A	N/A	N/A	ch8.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Makhloufi_0460-EPUB]/2[Container082]/120/2[Container070]/2)	N/A
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On the left, a map illustrates the colonial fabric of downtown Tunis, highlighting the Lafayette district and situating the building in relation to several urban landmarks. On the right, there is a zoomed-in view of the district above an image of the building. Details are provided about the construction year (2002), the building’s orientation (southwest—northwest), and total surface area (182.7 square meters for most levels, except for the fourth floor, which measures 194.18 square meters).	N/A	N/A	N/A	ch9.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Makhloufi_0460-EPUB]/2[Container097]/38/2[Container084]/2)	N/A
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Two floor plans of the contemporary building under study: the plan of the standard floors (1st, 2nd, and 3rd floors) and that of the 4th floor. An inner courtyard, visible at the top right of each plan, influences the layout of the offices arranged around this open space. The standard floor plan (top) is divided into 10 thermal zones, numbered and distinguished by colours, each assigned to a specific function (offices, meeting room, etc.). The 4th floor plan (bottom) maintains a similar organization but features a slight variation in the building’s corner layout.	N/A	N/A	N/A	ch9.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Makhloufi_0460-EPUB]/2[Container097]/66/2[Container088]/2)	N/A
Two floor plans of the contemporary building under study: the plan of the standard floors (1st, 2nd, and 3rd floors) and that of the 4th floor. An inner courtyard, visible at the top right of each plan, influences the layout of the offices arranged around this open space. The standard floor plan (top) is divided into 10 thermal zones, numbered and distinguished by colours, each assigned to a specific function (offices, meeting room, etc.). The 4th floor plan (bottom) maintains a similar organization but features a slight variation in the building’s corner layout.	N/A	N/A	N/A	ch9.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Makhloufi_0460-EPUB]/2[Container097]/68/2[Container089]/2)	N/A
The table (left) displays the hourly PMV values for different thermal zones of the 4th floor over a 24-hour period. A colour gradient from beige to dark red highlights thermal variations, with higher values in the afternoon and early evening, indicating greater warmth. The chart (right) represents the distribution of thermal sensations throughout the day in four categories: ‘Neutral,’ ‘Slightly warm,’ ‘Warm,’ and ‘Very warm.’ There is a predominance of neutral and slightly warm conditions in the morning, followed by an increase in warmth during the afternoon, reaching ‘warm’ and ‘very warm’ levels in the evening.	N/A	N/A	N/A	ch9.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Makhloufi_0460-EPUB]/2[Container097]/74/2[Container090]/2)	N/A
A vertical bar chart displaying the daily average PMV for different zones of the 4th floor of the studied building. The horizontal axis identifies the thermal zones while the vertical axis represents the PMV values from 0 to 3, where higher values indicate a stronger sensation of warmth. Each blue bar represents the average PMV value for a specific zone, calculated after analysing daily variations over a 30-day period (August). The chart highlights that seven zones exhibit a PMV above 2, suggesting uncomfortable levels of warmth.	N/A	N/A	N/A	ch9.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Makhloufi_0460-EPUB]/2[Container097]/80/2[Container091]/2)	N/A
A line graph illustrates the average daily PMV variations for the entire studied building during August. The horizontal axis represents the time of day while the vertical axis indicates the PMV values, ranging from 0 to 3. A blue line shows a gradual increase in PMV starting at 2:00 PM, peaking at approximately 2.60 around 6:00 PM, before declining. The graph includes comfort zones marked by dotted horizontal lines. A dotted red rectangular zone, labelled ‘((warm)) zone,’ outlines a 9-hour period (from 2:00 PM to 11:00 PM) during which the PMV exceeds 2.00, indicating a significant sensation of warmth inside the building.	N/A	N/A	N/A	ch9.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Makhloufi_0460-EPUB]/2[Container097]/84/2[Container092]/2)	N/A
On the left, a table presents the hourly SET values for each thermal zone, highlighting their evolution throughout the day. On the right, an area chart visualizes the distribution of hours according to different thermal comfort zones from Comfortable/Acceptable to Very hot/Uncomfortable. The chart reveals that the mornings are predominantly comfortable, while from the afternoon onwards, thermal discomfort increases, progressing through the categories ‘Slightly warm,’ ‘Warm,’ and ‘Very hot.’	N/A	N/A	N/A	ch9.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Makhloufi_0460-EPUB]/2[Container097]/94/2[Container093]/2)	N/A
A line chart depicting the average daily SET variations for August. The horizontal axis shows the hours of the day, and the vertical axis represents SET values, ranging from 27°C to 36°C. The blue line illustrates the gradual increase in SET from 8:00 AM, peaking at around 32.5°C at 6:00 PM, before slightly decreasing towards the end of the day. The chart is divided into two thermal comfort zones: a light yellow zone below 30°C, indicating ‘slightly warm,’ and a light red zone above 30°C, indicating ‘warm.’ A red-dashed rectangular zone, labelled ‘((warm)) zone,’ highlights the portion of the blue line where SET exceeds 30°C, from 10:00 AM to 11:00 PM, lasting 13 hours. The chart shows that the building remains in the ‘warm’ zone for 13 hours a day, reflecting a prolonged period of thermal discomfort during August.	N/A	N/A	N/A	ch9.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Makhloufi_0460-EPUB]/2[Container097]/98/2[Container094]/2)	N/A
Two bar charts comparing thermal comfort assessments using PMV (left) and SET (right) for two scenarios against the original construction of the building in Case Study #1. Case 1 features stone masonry walls and compares two floor scenarios: Scenario 1 with solid brick floors on vaults (colonial-era construction technique) and Scenario 2 with hollow brick floors (contemporary construction). The first chart displays the average PMV values for the three scenarios: ‘Original scenario,’ ‘Scenario 1,’ and ‘Scenario 2.’ PMV values are shown above each bar: 1.59 for the original scenario, 1.32 for Scenario 1, and 1.46 for Scenario 2. A thermal comfort scale is included at the bottom, with gray for ‘Neutral’ and light orange for ‘Slightly warm. The second chart, presents the average SET values in degrees Celsius for the same three scenarios. SET values are displayed above each bar: 30.79°C for the original scenario, 30.05°C for Scenario 1, and 30.47°C for Scenario 2. A thermal comfort scale at the bottom shows light yellow for ‘Slightly warm - Slightly unacceptable’ and light orange for ‘Warm - Unacceptable.’ Both charts reveal that Scenario 1 has the lowest PMV and SET values, indicating slightly better thermal comfort compared to the original scenario and Scenario 2.	N/A	N/A	N/A	ch9.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Makhloufi_0460-EPUB]/2[Container097]/112/2[Container095]/2)	N/A
Two comparative bar charts illustrating thermal comfort assessments through PMV and SET for two scenarios in Case 2. Case 2 features solid brick walls and compares two floor scenarios: Scenario 1 with solid brick floors on vaults (colonial-era construction) and Scenario 2 with hollow brick floors (contemporary construction). The first chart shows the average PMV values for the three scenarios: ‘Original scenario,’ ‘Scenario 1,’ and ‘Scenario 2.’ PMV values are listed above each bar: 1.59 for the original scenario, 1.29 for Scenario 1, and 1.43 for Scenario 2. A thermal comfort scale at the bottom shows grey for ‘Neutral’ and light orange for ‘Slightly warm.’ The second chart displays the average SET values in Celsius for the same three scenarios. SET values are shown above each bar: 30.79°C for the original scenario, 29.95°C for Scenario 1, and 30.38°C for Scenario 2. A thermal comfort scale at the bottom shows light yellow for "Slightly warm - Slightly unacceptable" and light orange for ‘Warm - Unacceptable.’ Both charts show that Scenario 1 has the lowest PMV and SET values, indicating slightly better thermal comfort compared to the original scenario and Scenario 2. This trend is similar to Case 1, suggesting that using solid brick floors on vaults contributes to better thermal comfort in both wall types studied.	N/A	N/A	N/A	ch9.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Makhloufi_0460-EPUB]/2[Container097]/118/2[Container096]/2)	N/A
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