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Title: Virgil, Aeneid, 4, with Study Questions, Vocabulary, and Commentary

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Metadata

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dc:title Virgil, Aeneid, 4, with Study Questions, Vocabulary, and Commentary
dc:creator Ingo Gildenhard
dc:subject Virgil;Aeneid;classics;sixth-form study guide;translation;Ancient Rome;Latin;classics textbook series
dc:description In Dido's encounter with Aeneas, the Aeneid explores abiding themes of love and loyalty, fate and fortune, the justice of the gods, imperial ambitions and its victims, as well as cross-cultural encounters and the geopolitics of colonial settlement. As Aeneas' most significant other, Dido also assumes a crucial role in Virgil's epic aetiology of Roman history and the Augustan principate. She owns the dark plot of Aeneid 4, in which divinely engineered erotic obsession culminates in divinely orchestrated sex that leads to personal and political tragedy: the cave encounter in Carthage entails a world-historical curse that operates in counterpoint to Jupiter's triumphal destiny. Poetry that has fascinated readers since antiquity is here presented in an innovative, student-friendly edition, with study questions, vocabulary, commentary and visual material designed to facilitate engagement with Virgil's text. The companion volume Teaching Dido: Critical Perspectives on Aeneid 4 (OBP 2026), also edited by Ingo Gildenhard, brings together interpretative essays and select works of scholarship to further enhance readers' appreciation of the psychological depth, literary artistry, and thematic complexity of Virgil's Dido.
dc:date 2026-06-15T13:15:38Z
dc:rights ©2026 Ingo Gildenhard, CC BY-NC 4.0
dc:language en-GB | el-GR
dc:identifier urn:uuid:2adfb0cd-924d-4c5f-9799-75626e0af6ed | 978-1-80511-885-5 | https://doi.org/10.11647/OBP.0527
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Outlines

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TOC Outline

  1. Cover
  2. Title page
  3. Copyright
  4. Table of Contents
  5. List of Illustrations
  6. Preface
  7. Acknowledgements and Dedication
  8. Citation Style and List of Abbreviations
  9. Introduction
  10. Text and Study Questions
    1. 1–30: Sister Act I
    2. 31–53: Sister Act II: Anna’s Reply
    3. 54–89: ‘Crazy Little Thing Called Love’ (Queen)
    4. 90–128: A Match Made in Heaven
    5. 129–172: The Hunting Party
    6. 173–197: The News Goes Viral
    7. 198–218: In Dad I Tru$t(ed)
    8. 219–237: Jupiter’s Wake-Up Call
    9. 238–278: The Mercourier Express
    10. 279–295: Back to the Future
    11. 296–330: Caught in a One-Sided Good-Bye
    12. 331–361: Mandatory Logout
    13. 362–392: You Brute, I Am Through
    14. 393–449: The Last Ditch
    15. 450–521: Dido’s Witch Project
    16. 522–583: The Great Escape
    17. 584–629: Lady Vengeance
    18. 630–705: The End (Protracted)
  11. Commentary
  12. 1–30: Sister Act I
  13. 31–53: Sister Act II: Anna’s Reply
  14. 54–89: ‘Crazy Little Thing Called Love’ (Queen)
  15. 90–128: A Match Made in Heaven
  16. 129–172: The Hunting Party
  17. 173–197: The News Goes Viral
  18. 198–218: In Dad I Tru$t(ed)
  19. 219–237: Jupiter’s Wake-up Call
  20. 238–278: The Mercourier Express
  21. 279–295: Back to the Future
  22. 296–330: Caught in a One-Sided Good-Bye
  23. 331–361: Mandatory Logout
  24. 362–392: You Brute, I am through
  25. 393–449: The Last Ditch
  26. 450–521: Dido’s Witch Project
  27. 522–583: The Great Escape
  28. 584–629: Lady Vengeance
  29. 630–705: The End (Protracted)
  30. Vocabulary
  31. Bibliography
  32. About the Team
  33. This book need not end here…
  34. You may also be interested in:
  35. Back cover

Headings Outline

  • VIRGIL, AENEID 4
  • Virgil, Aeneid 4
    • With Study Questions, Vocabulary, and Commentary
      • Ingo Gildenhard
  • Table of Contents
  • List of Illustrations
  • Preface
  • Acknowledgements and Dedication
  • Citation Style and List of Abbreviations
    • Commentaries cited by last name only
    • Translations
    • Formal conventions
    • Abbreviations
  • Introduction
    • 1. Human Characters
      • 1.1. Dido and Aeneas: a complementary couple
      • 1.2. Minor characters and anonymous multitudes
      • 1.3. Ghosts: Anchises and Sychaeus
    • 2. Divine Characters (and Religion)
    • 3. Structure and Plot
    • 4. Themes and Imagery
      • Extra information
      • Extra information
    • 5. Genre
    • 6. Intratextuality
    • 7. Allusion and Intertextuality
    • 8. Historical Context and Geopolitics
    • 10. Reception
    • 11. Starter Questions
  • Text and Study Questions
    • 1–30: Sister Act I
    • 31–53: Sister Act II: Anna’s Reply
    • 54–89: ‘Crazy Little Thing Called Love’ (Queen)
    • 90–128: A Match Made in Heaven
    • 129–172: The Hunting Party
    • 173–197: The News Goes Viral
    • 198–218: In Dad I Tru$t(ed)
    • 219–237: Jupiter’s Wake-Up Call
    • 238–278: The Mercourier Express
    • 279–295: Back to the Future
    • 296–330: Caught in a One-Sided Good-Bye
    • 331–361: Mandatory Logout
    • 362–392: You Brute, I Am Through
    • 393–449: The Last Ditch
    • 450–521: Dido’s Witch Project
    • 522–583: The Great Escape
    • 584–629: Lady Vengeance
    • 630–705: The End (Protracted)
    • After the Tragedy, the Satyr Play: The Death of Dido and the Peeing Putto
      • Text (with translation) of the Dutch and French at the bottom of Fig. 82
  • Commentary
    • Visual and Verbal Summary of Aeneid 1
      • Map of Fig. 83
  • 1–30: Sister Act I
    • Extra information
  • 31–53: Sister Act II: Anna’s Reply
    • Extra information
      • Extra information
  • 54–89: ‘Crazy Little Thing Called Love’ (Queen)
    • Extra information
  • 90–128: A Match Made in Heaven
    • Extra information
    • Extra information
    • Extra information
  • 129–172: The Hunting Party
    • Extra information
      • Extra information
  • 173–197: The News Goes Viral
  • 198–218: In Dad I Tru$t(ed)
  • 219–237: Jupiter’s Wake-up Call
    • Extra information
  • 238–278: The Mercourier Express
    • Extra information
  • 279–295: Back to the Future
  • 296–330: Caught in a One-Sided Good-Bye
    • Extra information
      • Extra information
        • Dido’s baby wish
  • 331–361: Mandatory Logout
    • Extra information
  • 362–392: You Brute, I am through
    • Extra information
    • * * *
  • 393–449: The Last Ditch
    • Extra information
      • Extra information
      • Extra information
  • 450–521: Dido’s Witch Project
    • Extra information
  • 522–583: The Great Escape
    • Extra information
  • 584–629: Lady Vengeance
    • Extra information
    • Extra information
  • 630–705: The End (Protracted)
    • Extra information
    • 675–685a: Anna’s speech
      • Extra information
      • Extra information
  • Vocabulary
  • Bibliography
    • A. Texts
      • Online
    • B. Translations
    • C. Commentaries
    • D. Secondary Literature
  • About the Team
  • This book need not end here…
    • Share
    • Donate
    • We invite you to connect with us on our socials!
    • Read more at the Open Book Publishers Blog
  • You may also be interested in:
  • Contents

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Expressionist-style image of an anxious armoured figure with a red Phrygian cap, clasping his face in alarm before a swirling orange and blue landscape. A dark figure stands in the distance, heightening the scene’s sense of panic and displacement. N/A N/A N/A questions2.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Gildenhard-0527-6]/2[Container099]/126/2[Container050]/2) N/A
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Painting of a classical farewell scene outside a harbour temple at sunset. A woman in pale drapery leans towards an armed man holding a caduceus, while other figures gesture in grief and ships wait along the shore in the background. N/A N/A N/A questions2.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Gildenhard-0527-6]/2[Container099]/142/2[Container051]/2) N/A
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Terracotta relief fragment showing two mythological figures in high relief. A draped woman moves left holding a serpent, while a bearded man strides right with a dog at his feet and a sparse plant rising behind him. N/A N/A N/A questions2.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Gildenhard-0527-6]/2[Container099]/160/2[Container052]/2) N/A
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Neoclassical print of a woman in flowing robes turning away from an elderly man between tall columns. Several attendants stand in the background, while a harbour and architectural works are faintly visible beyond the colonnade. N/A N/A N/A questions2.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Gildenhard-0527-6]/2[Container099]/176/2[Container053]/2) N/A
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Wide oil painting of a mythological departure beside a seashore. Armoured figures and attendants gather near a temple, with a kneeling woman at the centre and ships, soldiers and mourners visible along the distant beach. N/A N/A N/A questions2.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Gildenhard-0527-6]/2[Container099]/192/2[Container054]/2) N/A
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Sepia-toned photograph of a terracotta bust of a woman wearing a tall headdress, earrings and a long beaded necklace. The figure faces forward with both forearms extended, displayed against a dark museum background. N/A N/A N/A questions2.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Gildenhard-0527-6]/2[Container099]/208/2[Container055]/2) N/A
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Close-up of a Roman marble sarcophagus relief showing a draped bearded man and surrounding female figures. The carving includes damaged hands, layered garments, expressive faces and tightly grouped bodies in pale stone. N/A N/A N/A questions2.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Gildenhard-0527-6]/2[Container099]/236[table052]/4/2/2/2/2[Container056]/2) N/A
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Black-and-white engraving labelled “Invidia”, showing a gaunt, witch-like female personification striding with snakes in her hand and mouth. A small demon flies above her streaming hair and a dog runs beside her feet. N/A N/A N/A questions2.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Gildenhard-0527-6]/2[Container099]/252/2[Container057]/2) N/A
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Engraving of Aeneas fleeing burning Troy, carrying his elderly father Anchises on his back while leading a child by the hand, with smoke and flames rising behind them. N/A N/A N/A questions2.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Gildenhard-0527-6]/2[Container099]/268/2[Container058]/2) N/A
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Map of the eastern Mediterranean, Black Sea, Caspian Sea and Persian Gulf region, showing the Caucasus marked in red between the Black and Caspian Seas and Hyrcania shaded in pink south-east of the Caspian Sea. N/A N/A N/A questions2.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Gildenhard-0527-6]/2[Container099]/294/2[Container059]/2) N/A
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Dark image of three indistinct, seated human-like figures formed from dense golden speckles against a black background, creating a ghostly, shimmering effect. N/A N/A N/A questions2.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Gildenhard-0527-6]/2[Container099]/310/2[Container060]/2) N/A
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Dramatic engraved landscape with a smoking mountain and stormy sea, showing a rocky coastline, ships in rough water, small figures on shore, and dark clouds sweeping across the sky. N/A N/A N/A questions2.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Gildenhard-0527-6]/2[Container099]/328/2[Container061]/2) N/A
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Colourful medieval-style miniature of Aeneas and companions arriving near Carthage, with ships at the shoreline, labelled figures including Aeneas and Dido, and a walled city in the background. N/A N/A N/A questions2.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Gildenhard-0527-6]/2[Container099]/348/2[Container062]/2) N/A
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Cartoon illustration of a line of marching ants dressed as ancient soldiers, wearing crested helmets and carrying spears and swords across a stony path. N/A N/A N/A questions2.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Gildenhard-0527-6]/2[Container099]/368/2[Container063]/2) N/A
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Painting of Dido reclining on a decorated couch beside a sword, gesturing in distress as a winged Cupid hovers above her with an arrow near a coastal background. N/A N/A N/A questions2.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Gildenhard-0527-6]/2[Container099]/386/2[Container064]/2) N/A
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Pale lithograph titled ‘Soeur de Didon’, showing a woman in a turban and layered dress leaning pensively on a balcony or balustrade, with most of the sheet left blank around her. N/A N/A N/A questions2.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Gildenhard-0527-6]/2[Container099]/402/2[Container065]/2) N/A
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Black-and-white print after Eugène Delacroix showing a seated woman, likely Medea, clutching two children and a dagger in a rocky cave setting with plants and cliffs behind her. N/A N/A N/A questions2.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Gildenhard-0527-6]/2[Container099]/420/2[Container066]/2) N/A
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Coloured illustration of a Norse-style cosmological tree rising through a transparent sphere. Its trunk descends to coiling serpents below, while a flat circular world with mountains, water, and an encircling serpent sits around the middle. A small island and tree crown appear at the top, with a rainbow-like bridge arcing from a doorway to the upper world. N/A N/A N/A questions2.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Gildenhard-0527-6]/2[Container099]/436/2[Container067]/2) N/A
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Two stylised circular illustrations on a pale grey background show an ancient vessel pouring streams of liquid. In the left circle, blue water falls into a mass of dark, wavy hair-like fibres; in the right circle, red liquid erupts into a flame-like, swirling mass. N/A N/A N/A questions2.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Gildenhard-0527-6]/2[Container099]/454/2[Container068]/2) N/A
A dark, atmospheric painting shows a veiled woman in blue standing beside a stone altar. Black smoke rises from a blood-red pool on the altar, where blood also runs down the front, and a metal jug sits to the right. N/A N/A N/A questions2.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Gildenhard-0527-6]/2[Container099]/462/2[Container069]/2) N/A
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A richly coloured tapestry or woven panel depicts a mythological chase scene framed by ornate borders and columns. Winged figures, cherubs, trees and animals fill the scene, with a yellow arrow pointing towards a small figure in a tree near the upper centre. N/A N/A N/A questions2.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Gildenhard-0527-6]/2[Container099]/478/2[Container070]/2) N/A
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A dramatic nineteenth-century painting shows Orestes recoiling as three Furies confront him in darkness. A wounded woman collapses at the left in white and red drapery, while the Furies press in with pointing hands, wild hair, snakes and a flaming torch. N/A N/A N/A questions3.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Gildenhard-0527-6]/2[Container099]/12/2[Container071]/2) N/A
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A labelled map of the ancient Mediterranean world shows Europe, Libya and Asia around the Black Sea, Caspian Sea, Atlantic Sea and Erythraean Sea. Regions and peoples are marked, including Scythians, Celts, Thracians, Persians, Ethiopians, Hyperboreans and Indians. N/A N/A N/A questions3.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Gildenhard-0527-6]/2[Container099]/28/2[Container072]/2) N/A
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A Renaissance painting shows Hercules in the Garden of the Hesperides, reaching up to take a golden apple from a tree. Three pale female figures sit nearby, golden sheep graze in the grass, and a dark many-headed dragon coils along the lower left edge. N/A N/A N/A questions3.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Gildenhard-0527-6]/2[Container099]/44/2[Container073]/2) N/A
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A black-and-white engraved scene shows two women beside an ornate altar or pyre in a classical architectural setting. One woman, crowned and holding a torch, stands at the left, while another crowned figure at the right raises one hand and holds a small vessel; figures above handle cloth or a body on a raised platform. N/A N/A N/A questions3.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Gildenhard-0527-6]/2[Container099]/60/2[Container074]/2) N/A
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A marble relief shows the three-bodied goddess Hecate standing within a small architectural frame. The central figure faces forward in a draped dress, while two side figures turn outward, holding long torches and small ritual objects. N/A N/A N/A questions3.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Gildenhard-0527-6]/2[Container099]/76/2[Container075]/2) N/A
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A close-up photograph shows a dark, oval piece of animal dung resting in a person’s open hand. The object has a wet, uneven surface with ridges and indentations, and the background is softly blurred. N/A N/A N/A questions3.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Gildenhard-0527-6]/2[Container099]/92/2[Container076]/2) N/A
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A Pre-Raphaelite painting shows two floating female figures wrapped in flowing rose, brown and reddish drapery. One figure holds red flowers to her chest while the other reaches down to scatter blossoms over a distant landscape of hills and water. N/A N/A N/A questions3.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Gildenhard-0527-6]/2[Container099]/110/2[Container077]/2) N/A
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Black-and-white engraving of three figures gathered around an elderly crowned man, as a younger figure gestures towards him and another person stands behind. The scene is set within a framed interior and includes a small vessel or urn in the foreground, suggesting a dramatic moment of revelation or accusation. N/A N/A N/A questions3.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Gildenhard-0527-6]/2[Container099]/126[table075]/4/2/2/2/2[Container078]/2) N/A
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Framed circular painting showing five women in classical dress gathered at the edge of a pool in a wooded landscape. One central figure sits partially draped in white while attendants gesture, recline or bathe nearby, all enclosed within an ornate gilded frame. N/A N/A N/A questions3.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Gildenhard-0527-6]/2[Container099]/142/2[Container079]/2) N/A
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Sepia-toned preparatory drawing of two nude human figures in dynamic motion, one reaching upward from below while another stretches diagonally across the top of the composition. The loose, sketch-like lines suggest a dramatic scene of falling, rescue or ascent. N/A N/A N/A questions3.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Gildenhard-0527-6]/2[Container099]/158/2[Container080]/2) N/A
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Pale ink and wash drawing of a crowded fleet of ancient ships at sea, their curved prows, masts, rigging and oars overlapping across the water. Small figures fill the vessels, creating a busy maritime battle or expedition scene beneath a cloudy sky. N/A N/A N/A questions3.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Gildenhard-0527-6]/2[Container099]/174/2[Container081]/2) N/A
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Warmly lit image of an ancient ship beside a harbour wall, dominated by a large square sail bearing the Latin text “ITALIAM NON SPONTE SEQUOR” and laurel motifs. The vessel’s curved prow, rigging and rows of oars are visible against a golden sky. N/A N/A N/A questions3.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Gildenhard-0527-6]/2[Container099]/190[table080]/4/2/2/2/2[Container082]/2) N/A
Sepia illustration of an ancient oared ship with a high curved prow and stern, carrying a crew beneath a large square sail inscribed with the Latin words “SEQUIMUR TE, SANCTE DEORUM”. A standing figure at the stern handles the rigging as the ship moves across the sea. N/A N/A N/A questions3.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Gildenhard-0527-6]/2[Container099]/190[table080]/4/2/4/2/2[Container083]/2) N/A
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Coloured satirical print titled “Dido, in Despair!”, showing a distressed woman in a bedchamber reaching out from her bed towards a window where ships sail away. The room is crowded with theatrical details, including books, shoes, ornaments, a small table and scattered objects. N/A N/A N/A questions3.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Gildenhard-0527-6]/2[Container099]/208/2[Container084]/2) N/A
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Black-and-white engraving of an ancient naval scene, with armed soldiers crowded on a ship while a figure on a rocky outcrop confronts another vessel across choppy water. The image is framed by decorative scrollwork and includes oars, shields, spears and distant shoreline details. N/A N/A N/A questions3.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Gildenhard-0527-6]/2[Container099]/232[table083]/4/2/2/2/2[Container085]/2) N/A
Black-and-white engraving of a mythological interior in which two women approach a crowned man at a table, presenting a covered vessel while a child’s body lies before him. In the background, another woman carries a child, reinforcing the violent narrative shown in the scene. N/A N/A N/A questions3.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Gildenhard-0527-6]/2[Container099]/232[table083]/4/4/2/2/2[Container086]/2) N/A
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Monochrome emblematic drawing of a classical terminal statue beneath an archway, with a blank hanging panel above and the inscription “CONCEDO NVLLI” behind the figure. Columns, medallions and decorative borders frame the statue in a landscape setting. N/A N/A N/A questions3.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Gildenhard-0527-6]/2[Container099]/246/2[Container087]/2) N/A
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Black-and-white classical engraving of the death of Pallas, Evander’s son, with mourners surrounding the body on a bed, soldiers holding spears, and a mountainous landscape beyond the chamber. N/A N/A N/A questions3.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Gildenhard-0527-6]/2[Container099]/264/2[Container088]/2) N/A
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Sepia engraving titled Young Hannibal Swearing Enmity to the Romans, showing a young boy at a blazing altar beside an armoured warrior, with priests and onlookers in a classical setting. N/A N/A N/A questions3.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Gildenhard-0527-6]/2[Container099]/280/2[Container089]/2) N/A
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Sepia portrait-style drawing of an elderly man in profile, seated with folded arms and wearing a simple headband and long draped garments, rendered with fine cross-hatching. N/A N/A N/A questions3.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Gildenhard-0527-6]/2[Container099]/298/2[Container090]/2) N/A
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Woodcut illustration of Dido on a funeral pyre, with attendants and townspeople gathered nearby, ships and banners in the background, and flames rising at the right. N/A N/A N/A questions3.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Gildenhard-0527-6]/2[Container099]/314/2[Container091]/2) N/A
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Bright yellow title card for a choral recording, reading Iacobus Handl Gallus (1550–1591) Moralia Quinque Vocum XLIII Dulces exuviae, with a small image of early music notation. N/A N/A N/A questions3.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Gildenhard-0527-6]/2[Container099]/330/2[Container092]/2) N/A
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Engraving of Dido and Aeneas, with Dido reclining near a sword and a distraught figure behind her, while ships sail away from a burning coastal city in the distance. N/A N/A N/A questions3.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Gildenhard-0527-6]/2[Container099]/348/2[Container093]/2) N/A
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Detailed engraving of the fall of Carthage, showing a crowded battle scene with mounted soldiers, fallen bodies, banners, and a city engulfed in flames beyond the walls. N/A N/A N/A questions3.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Gildenhard-0527-6]/2[Container099]/376/2[Container094]/2) N/A
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Oil painting of the death of Queen Dido, who reclines pale and wounded on a fur-lined couch in a white robe, surrounded by grieving attendants. A woman in red and gold leans towards her, while a sword, bloodstained cloth and stormy seascape heighten the tragic scene. N/A N/A N/A questions3.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Gildenhard-0527-6]/2[Container099]/400/2[Container095]/2) N/A
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Sepia relief-style illustration labelled Extrimus Halitus, showing a dying woman in bed being comforted by another figure beneath an architectural frieze with small narrative panels. N/A N/A N/A questions3.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Gildenhard-0527-6]/2[Container099]/416/2[Container096]/2) N/A
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Black-and-white line drawing of a crowned, bearded king seated beside a sorrowful woman on a throne-like bench, framed by two flaming braziers. A large dog with several heads lies at their feet, suggesting a mythological or classical underworld scene. N/A N/A N/A questions3.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Gildenhard-0527-6]/2[Container099]/432/2[Container097]/2) N/A
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Large black-and-white engraving of Dido in a palace interior, slumped on a richly draped pyre or couch as winged Cupid flies above with a torch. Attendants react with grief and alarm, while architectural columns, distant figures and Latin text below frame the tragic scene. N/A N/A N/A questions3.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Gildenhard-0527-6]/2[Container099]/450/2[Container098]/2) N/A
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Satirical engraving titled in Dutch and French as the death of Dido, showing a theatrical bedroom scene with Dido collapsed on a high bed. Cupid, attendants, onlookers at a window, a distant harbour and decorative household objects create a busy burlesque interpretation of the classical episode. N/A N/A N/A questions3.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Gildenhard-0527-6]/4[Container101]/4/2[Container100]/2) N/A
Engraved page of classical scenes from the Aeneid arranged in panels around a central storm at sea. The main image shows Neptune among rearing sea horses and drowning figures, while smaller scenes and Latin inscriptions depict Aeolus, Juno, Venus, Dido and Aeneas. N/A N/A N/A frontispiece.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Gildenhard-0527-6]/4[Container104]/4/2[Container103]/2) N/A
Relief-style map of the central Mediterranean showing Rome on the Italian peninsula, Carthage on the North African coast and Sicilia between them. Labels mark surrounding regions, including Numidians, Gaetulian cities, Syrtis, Desert and Barcaeans, with terrain shaded in green and brown. N/A N/A N/A div02.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Gildenhard-0527-8]/2[Container109]/50/2[Container108]/2) N/A
Relief-style colour map of ancient Anatolia and the eastern Mediterranean, with Lycia highlighted in red on the south-west coast. Surrounding regions, islands, cities, rivers and seas are labelled, including Lydia, Caria, Pamphylia, Cilicia, Cyprus, Syria and the Pontus Euxinus. N/A N/A N/A div05.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Gildenhard-0527-11]/2[Container116]/124/2[Container115]/2) N/A
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Featured book cover with a statue of a woman holding a cup N/A N/A N/A further-reading.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Gildenhard-0527-26]/2[Container159]/4/4/2[Container152]/2) N/A
Featured book cover with a man with an infant bound to a spear N/A N/A N/A further-reading.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Gildenhard-0527-26]/2[Container159]/6/4/2[Container154]/2) N/A
Featured book cover with mosaic artwork of a man and a woman N/A N/A N/A further-reading.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Gildenhard-0527-26]/2[Container159]/8/4/2[Container156]/2) N/A
Featured book cover showing a woman with a headpiece on her head N/A N/A N/A further-reading.xhtml#epubcfi(/4[Gildenhard-0527-26]/2[Container159]/10/4/2[Container158]/2) N/A
Back cover of ‘Virgil, Aeneid 4: with Study Questions, Vocabulary, and Commentary’ by Ingo Gildenhard. N/A N/A N/A back-cover.xhtml#epubcfi(/4/2/2) N/A

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